4. Computer Organization and Embedded System

4.1 Control and Central Processing Units

• Control Memory, Addressing Sequencing

• Computer Configuration, Microinstruction Format

• Design of Control Unit, CPU Structure and Function

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit

• Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes

• Data Transfer and Manipulation

• RISC and CISC

• Pipelining, Parallel Processing

---

4.2 Computer Arithmetic and Memory System

• Arithmetic and Logical Operations

• The Memory Hierarchy

• Internal and External Memory

• Cache Memory Principles

• Elements of Cache Design: Cache Size, Mapping Function, Replacement Algorithm, Write Policy, Number of Caches, Memory Write Ability, and Storage Permanence

• Composing Memory

---

4.3 Input-Output Organization and Multiprocessor

• Peripheral Devices, I/O Modules

• Input-output Interface

• Modes of Transfer: Direct Memory Access

• Characteristics of Multiprocessors

• Interconnection Structure, Inter-Processor Communication and Synchronization

---

4.4 Hardware-Software Design Issues on Embedded System

• Embedded Systems Overview

• Classification of Embedded Systems

• Custom Single-Purpose Processor Design

• Optimizing Custom Single-Purpose Processors

• Basic Architecture, Operation, and Programmer’s View

• Development Environment

• Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processors

---

4.5 Real-Time Operating and Control System

• Operating System Basics: Task, Process, and Threads

• Multiprocessing and Multitasking

• Task Scheduling, Task Synchronization

• Device Drivers

• Open-loop and Close-loop Control System Overview, Control

---

4.6 Hardware Description Language and IC Technology

• VHDL Overview

• Overflow and Data Representation Using VHDL

• Design of Combinational and Sequential Logic Using VHDL

• Pipelining Using VHDL