3. Programming Language and Its Applications

3.1 Introduction to C Programming

• C Tokens, Operators

• Formatted/Unformatted Input/Output

• Control Statements, Looping

• User-defined Functions, Recursive Functions

• Array (1-D, 2-D, Multidimensional), and String Manipulations

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3.2 Pointers, Structure, and Data Files in C Programming

• Pointer Arithmetic, Pointer and Array

• Passing Pointer to Function

• Structure vs Union, Array of Structure

• Passing Structure to Function, Structure and Pointer

• Input/Output Operations on Files

• Sequential and Random Access to File

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3.3 C++ Language Constructs with Objects and Classes

• Namespace, Function Overloading

• Inline Functions, Default Argument

• Pass/Return by Reference

• Introduction to Class and Object, Access Specifiers

• Objects and the Member Access

• Defining Member Functions, Constructor and Its Type, Destructor

• Dynamic Memory Allocation for Objects and Object Array

• This Pointer, Static Data Member and Static Function

• Constant Member Functions and Constant Objects

• Friend Function and Friend Classes

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3.4 Features of Object-Oriented Programming

• Operator Overloading (Unary, Binary), Data Conversion

• Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hybrid, Multipath)

• Constructor/Destructor in Single/Multilevel Inheritances

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3.5 Pure Virtual Function and File Handling

• Virtual Function, Dynamic Binding

• Defining, Opening, and Closing a File

• Input/Output Operations on Files

• Error Handling During Input/Output Operations

• Stream Class Hierarchy for Console Input/Output

• Unformatted Input/Output

• Formatted Input/Output with ios Member Functions and Flags

• Formatting with Manipulators

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3.6 Generic Programming and Exception Handling

• Function Template, Overloading Function Template

• Class Template, Function Definition of Class Template

• Standard Template Library (Containers, Algorithms, Iterators)

• Exception Handling Constructs (try, catch, throw)

• Multiple Exception Handling, Rethrowing Exception

• Catching All Exceptions, Exception with Arguments

• Exceptions Specification for Function

• Handling Uncaught and Unexpected Exceptions