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151. ______ is a rigid body transformation that moves objects without deformation.

  1. Rotation.

  2. Scaling

  3. Translation

  4. Transformation

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Translation.

Explanation:

  • Translation is a rigid body transformation that moves objects without deformation.

  • In mathematical terms, translation can be represented as:

    (x′y′z′)=(xyz)+(txtytz)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \\ z' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} t_x \\ t_y \\ t_z \end{pmatrix}​x′y′z′​​=​xyz​​+​tx​ty​tz​​​

    where (tx,ty,tz)(t_x, t_y, t_z)(tx​,ty​,tz​) are the translation distances along the x, y, and z axes, respectively.

152. A two dimensional ______ is applied to an object by repositioning it along a circular path in the xy plane.

  1. Rotation.

  2. Scaling

  3. Translation

  4. Transformation

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Rotation.

Explanation:

  • Rotation is a transformation that repositions an object along a circular path in the xy plane.

  • The rotation of a point (x,y)(x, y)(x,y) by an angle θ\thetaθ can be represented as:

    (x′y′)=(cos⁡θ−sin⁡θsin⁡θcos⁡θ)(xy)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\ \sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}(x′y′​)=(cosθsinθ​−sinθcosθ​)(xy​)

153. Successive scaling operations are ______.

  1. Additive

  2. Subtractive

  3. Multiplicative

  4. Infinite

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Multiplicative.

Explanation:

  • Successive scaling operations are multiplicative because each scaling transformation is applied by multiplying the current coordinates by a scaling matrix.

154. A rigid body change in coordinate positions is referred to as ______ transformation.

  1. Rigid body

  2. .Rigid

  3. Rigid motion

  4. Rigid changing

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Rigid motion.

Explanation:

  • Rigid motion refers to a transformation that changes the coordinate positions of an object without altering its shape or size.

  • This includes translations and rotations, which preserve distances between points.

155. ______ often involve inverse matrix calculations.

  1. Matrix transformation.

  2. Composite transformation.

  3. Finite transformation matrix.

  4. Infinite transformation matrix.

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Composite transformation.

Explanation:

  • Composite transformations often involve inverse matrix calculations because they combine multiple transformations, and sometimes it is necessary to reverse one or more of these transformations.

156. ______ is a transformation that produces a mirror image of an object.

  1. Shape.

  2. Vector

  3. Scalar

  4. Reflection

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Reflection.

Explanation:

  • Reflection is a transformation that produces a mirror image of an object.

157. When objects are to be displayed with color or shaded surfaces we apply ______.

  1. Object rendering.

  2. View rendering

  3. Surface rendering

  4. Parameter rendering

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Surface rendering.

Explanation:

  • Surface rendering is used to display objects with color or shaded surfaces.

  • This involves calculating the interaction of light with the object's surface to determine its appearance.

158. ______ include the intensity and positions of light sources and general background illumination required for a scene.

  1. Object rendering.

  2. Viewing specifications.

  3. Surface rendering

  4. Lighting specifications

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Lighting specifications.

Explanation:

  • Lighting specifications include the intensity and positions of light sources and general background illumination required for a scene.

  • These specifications are crucial for realistic rendering of objects in a scene.

159. In surface rendering procedures can then be applied to generate at the correct illumination and ______ of the scene.

  1. Viewing specifications.

  2. Contrast

  3. Color

  4. Shadow regions.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Shadow regions.

Explanation:

  • In surface rendering, procedures are applied to generate the correct illumination and shadow regions of the scene.

  • Shadows are created by determining which parts of the scene are occluded from light sources.

160. Objects displayed with ______, so that the intensity of lines decreases from the front to the back of the object.

  1. Depth cueing

  2. Parallel projection.

  3. Perpendicular projection.

  4. Perspective projection.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Depth cueing.

Explanation:

  • Depth cueing is a technique where the intensity of lines decreases from the front to the back of the object, giving a sense of depth.

  • This helps in perceiving the relative distances of objects in a scene.

161. ______ removes the part of the visible surfaces to show internal structure.

  1. Surface rendering.

  2. Surface identification.

  3. Cutaway view.

  4. Exploded view.

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Cutaway view.

Explanation:

  • A cutaway view removes part of the visible surfaces to show the internal structure of an object.

  • This is commonly used in technical drawings and illustrations.

162. Three dimensional views can be obtained by ______ a raster scan image from a vibrating flexible mirror.

  1. Reflecting.

  2. Observing

  3. Refracting

  4. Deflecting

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Reflecting.

Explanation:

  • Reflecting a raster scan image from a vibrating flexible mirror can produce three-dimensional views.

  • This technique is used in some types of 3D displays.

163. Stereoscopic devices present ______ views of the scene.

  1. 1

  2. 2

  3. 3

  4. 4

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. 2.

Explanation:

  • Stereoscopic devices present two views of the scene, one for each eye, to create a 3D effect.

  • This mimics the way human eyes perceive depth.

164. The mirror image for a two dimensional reflection is generated relative to an ______ by rotation the object 180 degrees about the reflection axis.

  1. Axis of refraction.

  2. Axis of reflection.

  3. Axis of restoration.

  4. Axis of deflection

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Axis of reflection.

Explanation:

  • The mirror image for a two-dimensional reflection is generated relative to an axis of reflection by rotating the object 180 degrees about this axis.

  • Mathematically, this can be represented as:

165. The mirror image for a two dimensional reflection is generated relative to an axis of reflection by rotation the object ______ degrees about the reflection axis.

  2. 180

  3. 270

  4. 360

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. 180.

Explanation:

  • The mirror image for a two-dimensional reflection is generated by rotating the object 180 degrees about the reflection axis.

  • This rotation effectively flips the object across the axis.

166. ______ transformations can be used to modify object shape.

  1. Translation.

  2. Shear

  3. Reflection

  4. Scaling

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Shear.

Explanation:

  • Shear transformations can be used to modify the shape of an object by slanting it along one or more axes.

  • For example, a shear transformation along the x-axis can be represented as:

167. ______ can be assigned as shear parameter.

  1. Integer.

  2. Random Number.

  3. Real Number

  4. Floating Point.

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Real Number.

Explanation:

  • Real numbers can be assigned as shear parameters because shear transformations can involve any real-valued factor.

  • This allows for precise control over the degree of shearing.

168. Translation, rotation, scaling, reflection are examples of ______.

  1. Point plotting.

  2. Graphics

  3. Image transformation.

  4. 2D transformation

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. 2D transformation.

Explanation:

  • Translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection are examples of 2D transformations.

  • These transformations are fundamental in computer graphics for manipulating objects in a two-dimensional space.

169. Which table can be expanded so that vertices are cross referenced to corresponding edges?

  1. Vertex table.

  2. Edge table.

  3. Polygon table.

  4. Expanded vertex table.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Vertex table.

Explanation:

  • The vertex table can be expanded so that vertices are cross-referenced to corresponding edges.

  • This helps in efficiently storing and retrieving geometric data.

170. Every vertex is the end point for at least ______ edge.

  1. 1

  2. 2

  3. 3

  4. 4

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. 2.

Explanation:

  • Every vertex is the endpoint for at least two edges.

  • This is because a vertex is typically shared between two edges in a polygonal mesh.

171. Each polygon has at least ______ shared edge

  1. 1

  2. 2

  3. 3

  4. 4

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. 1.

Explanation:

  • Each polygon has at least one shared edge.

  • This is because polygons are typically connected to other polygons in a mesh.

172. ______ can be constructed with various combination of plane and curved surfaces.

  1. Objects.

  2. Surface

  3. Object boundaries.

  4. Surface boundaries

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Object boundaries.

Explanation:

  • Object boundaries can be constructed with various combinations of plane and curved surfaces.

  • This allows for the creation of complex 3D models.

173. Graphics package often provide routines for displaying internal components or ______ view of solid objects.

  1. Cross sectional.

  2. Cross fill.

  3. Hatch fill.

  4. Solid fill.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Cross sectional.

Explanation:

  • Graphics packages often provide routines for displaying internal components or cross-sectional views of solid objects.

  • This is useful for visualizing the internal structure of objects.

174. ______ rendering algorithms must be applied if a realistic rendering of the scene is required.

  1. Object.

  2. Surface

  3. View

  4. Parameter

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Surface.

Explanation:

  • Surface rendering algorithms must be applied if a realistic rendering of the scene is required.

  • These algorithms simulate the interaction of light with surfaces to produce realistic images.

175. The coordinate reference defines the ______ for the plane of the camera film.

  1. Plane and surface.

  2. Position and interface.

  3. Plane and coordinate.

  4. Position and orientation

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Position and orientation.

Explanation:

  • The coordinate reference defines the position and orientation for the plane of the camera film.

  • This is crucial for determining how the scene is projected onto the film.

176. The easiest rotation axes to handle are those that are ______ to the coordinate.

  1. Parallel.

  2. Straight

  3. Perpendicular

  4. Opposite

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Parallel.

Explanation:

  • The easiest rotation axes to handle are those that are parallel to the coordinate axes.

  • This simplifies the rotation transformation because it aligns with the standard coordinate system.

177. ______ transformations can be used to modify object shape.

  1. Translation.

  2. Shear

  3. Reflection

  4. Scaling

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Shear.

Explanation:

  • Shear transformations can be used to modify the shape of an object by slanting it along one or more axes.

  • This is useful for creating effects like slanting or skewing.

178. The line joining the red and the violet spectral points, called as ______ line.

  1. Violet line.

  2. Magenta line

  3. Red line.

  4. Purple line.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Purple line.

Explanation:

  • The line joining the red and violet spectral points is called the purple line.

  • This line represents the transition between the red and violet ends of the visible spectrum.

179. Different tints are produced by adding ______ pigment to the original color.

  1. Red.

  2. Blue

  3. Black

  4. White

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. White.

Explanation:

  • Different tints are produced by adding white pigment to the original color.

  • This lightens the color, creating a tint.

180. GKS stands for ______.

  1. Graphical kernel system.

  2. Graphics kernel symbol.

  3. Graphics kernel system.

  4. Graphics kernel systems.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Graphical kernel system.

Explanation:

  • GKS stands for Graphical Kernel System.

  • It is a standard for 2D graphics programming.

181. Visual pigment red have a peak sensitivity at wavelength of about ______ nm.

  2. 630

  3. 530

  4. 450

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. 630.

Explanation:

  • Visual pigment red has a peak sensitivity at a wavelength of about 630 nm.

  • This is within the red part of the visible spectrum.

182. The dominant frequency is also called as ______.

  1. Saturation.

  2. Hue

  3. Luminance

  4. Brightness

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Hue.

Explanation:

  • The dominant frequency is also called hue.

  • Hue represents the color itself, such as red, green, or blue.

183. Data glove is used to grasp ______ object.

  1. Binary.

  2. Virtual

  3. Existing

  4. Real

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Virtual.

Explanation:

  • A data glove is used to grasp virtual objects.

  • It is commonly used in virtual reality environments.

184. Space partitioning representation is to describe interior properties by partitioning the spatial region containing an object into a set of small, non-overlapping contiguous ______.

  1. Objects.

  2. Solids

  3. Triangles

  4. Liquid

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Solids.

Explanation:

  • Space partitioning representation describes interior properties by partitioning the spatial region containing an object into a set of small, non-overlapping contiguous solids.

  • This is useful for representing complex 3D objects.

185. ______ for a three dimensional graphics object is a set of surface polygons that enclose the object interior.

  1. Surface rendering.

  2. Surface identification.

  3. Space partitioning representations.

  4. Boundary representations.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Boundary representations.

Explanation:

  • Boundary representations for a three-dimensional graphics object are a set of surface polygons that enclose the object interior.

  • This is a common way to represent 3D objects in computer graphics.

186. A polygon mesh approximation to a curved surface can be improved by dividing the surface into smaller ______.

  1. Polygon facets.

  2. Squares

  3. Octagon facets.

  4. Circles

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Polygon facets.

Explanation:

  • A polygon mesh approximation to a curved surface can be improved by dividing the surface into smaller polygon facets.

  • This increases the resolution and accuracy of the approximation.

187. A way of storing ______ is to create lists namely vertex table, edge table and polygon table.

  1. Convergence data.

  2. Polygon surface table.

  3. Storage table.

  4. Geometric data.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Geometric data.

Explanation:

  • A way of storing geometric data is to create lists, namely vertex table, edge table, and polygon table.

  • These tables help in efficiently storing and retrieving the geometric properties of objects.

188. The edge table contains pointers back to the ______ to identify vertices for each polygon edge.

  1. Vertex table.

  2. Edge table.

  3. Polygon table.

  4. Expanded vertex table.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Vertex table.

Explanation:

  • The edge table contains pointers back to the vertex table to identify vertices for each polygon edge.

  • This helps in maintaining the connectivity between vertices and edges.

189. In a ______ parallel lines in the world coordinate scene project into parallel lines on the two dimensional display plane.

  1. Plane projection.

  2. Parallel projection.

  3. Perpendicular projection.

  4. Perspective projection.

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Parallel projection.

Explanation:

  • In a parallel projection, parallel lines in the world coordinate scene project into parallel lines on the two-dimensional display plane.

  • This type of projection preserves parallelism and is commonly used in technical drawings.

190. In ______, parallel lines in the scene that are not parallel to the display plane are projected into converging lines.

  1. Plane projection.

  2. Parallel projection

  3. Perpendicular projection

  4. Perspective projection.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Perspective projection.

Explanation:

  • In perspective projection, parallel lines in the scene that are not parallel to the display plane are projected into converging lines.

  • This creates a sense of depth and realism in the rendered image.

191. ______ is applied by choosing maximum and minimum intensity values and a range of distances over which the intensities are to vary.

  1. Depth cueing.

  2. Parallel projection.

  3. Perpendicular projection.

  4. Perspective projection.

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Depth cueing.

Explanation:

  • Depth cueing is applied by choosing maximum and minimum intensity values and a range of distances over which the intensities are to vary.

  • This technique helps in perceiving the depth of objects in a scene.

192. The side of the plane that faces the ______ is called the inside face.

  1. Object exterior.

  2. Object

  3. Object interior

  4. Solid

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Object interior.

Explanation:

  • The side of the plane that faces the object interior is called the inside face.

  • This is important for determining the orientation of surfaces in 3D models.

193. The side of the plane that faces the ______ is called the outward face.

  1. Object exterior.

  2. Object

  3. Object interior.

  4. Solid

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. Object exterior.

Explanation:

  • The side of the plane that faces the object exterior is called the outward face.

  • This is important for determining the visibility of surfaces in 3D rendering.

194. When polygons are specified with more than ______ vertices, it is possible that the vertices may not all lie in one plane.

  1. 3

  2. 2

  3. 1

  4. 0

Show me the answer

Answer: 1. 3.

Explanation:

  • When polygons are specified with more than three vertices, it is possible that the vertices may not all lie in one plane.

  • This can lead to issues in rendering and shading.

195. ______ is the number of control points in a Beizer curves.

  1. Polynomial.

  2. Beizer polynomial

  3. Curve polynomial.

  4. Beizer integer.

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Beizer polynomial.

Explanation:

  • The number of control points in a Bezier curve is called the Bezier polynomial.

  • The degree of the polynomial is one less than the number of control points.

196. Natural objects can be realistically described with ______.

  1. Natural geometry.

  2. Fractal geometry.

  3. Similarity geometry.

  4. Euclidean geometry.

Show me the answer

Answer: 2. Fractal geometry.

Explanation:

  • Natural objects can be realistically described with fractal geometry.

  • Fractals are used to model complex natural shapes like mountains, clouds, and coastlines.

197. The representation of the amount of variation in object detail is represented with ______.

  1. Fractal geometry.

  2. Fractal definition.

  3. Fractal dimension

  4. Fractal generation.

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Fractal dimension.

Explanation:

  • The representation of the amount of variation in object detail is represented with fractal dimension.

  • Fractal dimension quantifies the complexity of a fractal shape.

198. In depth cueing the lines farther are displayed with ______.

  1. Increasing intensity.

  2. Increasing color.

  3. Decreasing intensity

  4. Decreasing color.

Show me the answer

Answer: 3. Decreasing intensity.

Explanation:

  • In depth cueing, the lines farther away are displayed with decreasing intensity.

  • This helps in perceiving the relative distances of objects in a scene.

199. A technique commonly used for engineering drawing is to display the non-visible lines as ______ lines.

  1. Straight.

  2. Dot

  3. Curved

  4. Dashed

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Dashed.

Explanation:

  • A technique commonly used for engineering drawing is to display the non-visible lines as dashed lines.

  • This helps in distinguishing between visible and hidden parts of an object.

200. ______ describe a three dimensional object as a set of surfaces that separate the object interior from the environment.

  1. Surface rendering.

  2. Surface identification.

  3. Space partitioning representations.

  4. Boundary representations.

Show me the answer

Answer: 4. Boundary representations.

Explanation:

  • Boundary representations describe a three-dimensional object as a set of surfaces that separate the object interior from the environment.

  • This is a common way to represent 3D objects in computer graphics.

For example, scaling a point (x,y)(x, y)(x,y) by factors (sx,sy)(s_x, s_y)(sx​,sy​) can be represented as:

(x′y′)=(sx00sy)(xy)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} s_x & 0 \\ 0 & s_y \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}(x′y′​)=(sx​0​0sy​​)(xy​)

For example, if you have a transformation matrix TTT, its inverse T−1T^{-1}T−1 can be used to undo the transformation.

For example, reflecting a point (x,y)(x, y)(x,y) across the x-axis can be represented as:

(x′y′)=(100−1)(xy)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}(x′y′​)=(10​0−1​)(xy​)
(x′y′)=(cos⁡(180∘)−sin⁡(180∘)sin⁡(180∘)cos⁡(180∘))(xy)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \cos(180^\circ) & -\sin(180^\circ) \\ \sin(180^\circ) & \cos(180^\circ) \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}(x′y′​)=(cos(180∘)sin(180∘)​−sin(180∘)cos(180∘)​)(xy​)
(x′y′)=(1shx01)(xy)\begin{pmatrix} x' \\ y' \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & sh_x \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}(x′y′​)=(10​shx​1​)(xy​)

where shxsh_xshx​ is the shear factor.