1.1.3 Based on Administrative and Political (Federal, Provincial, and Local Level)

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Federal System in Nepal

📜 Constitutional Foundation

• 📄 Constitution: The Constitution of Nepal 2015 (replacing the 2007 Interim Constitution)

• 🏛️ Government Form: Federal Democratic Republic

• 📅 Established: 28 May 2008 (15th Jestha, 2065 BS)

• 🏗️ Tiers of Government: 3 levels

  • 🏛️ Federal (Central)

  • 🏛️ Provincial (State)

  • 🏘️ Local (Municipalities & Villages)

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🗺️ Administrative Structure

Level	Number	Units
Provinces	7	🏞️ Koshi, Madhesh, Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali, Sudurpashchim
Districts	77	📍 Each province divided into districts
Local Levels	753	🏘️ Municipalities & Rural Municipalities
Wards	As per Federal law	🏡 Smallest administrative unit

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⚖️ Power Distribution

Level	Power Source	Responsibilities
Federal	Schedule-5 (Exclusive List)	National defense, foreign affairs, currency, etc.
Provincial	Schedule-6 (State List)	State police, agriculture, language, culture, etc.
Local	Schedule-8 (Local List)	Local roads, markets, waste management, etc.
Concurrent	Schedule-7 (Fed + State) & Schedule-9 (All 3)	Education, health, transportation, etc.

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🏛️ Key Features of Federalism in Nepal

• 🛡️ Protection of Sovereignty: All levels protect Nepal’s freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence.

• ⚖️ Rule of Law & Separation of Powers: Ensured through checks and balances.

• 🌍 Inclusive & Pluralistic Society: Promotes equality, identity-based representation, and social justice.

• 🏔️ Special Regions: Federal law can create Special, Protected, or Autonomous Regions for cultural, social, or economic development.

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🔄 Governance Principles

• 🗳️ Multi-party competitive democratic system

• 🔄 Republican and federal governance

• 🧑‍⚖️ Human rights and fundamental rights guaranteed

• 🌱 Egalitarian society based on pluralism and inclusion

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📌 Important Notes

• Any matter not listed in any schedule is automatically under Federal jurisdiction.

• Local levels include:

  • 🏘️ Village Institutions (Gaunpalika)

  • 🏙️ Municipalities (Nagarpalika)

  • 🏛️ District Assemblies

• Wards are determined by Federal law.

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📚 Schedules Referenced

Schedule	Content
Schedule-4	List of Districts forming each Province
Schedule-5	Exclusive powers of the Federation
Schedule-6	Powers of the State (Province)
Schedule-7	Concurrent powers (Federation + State)
Schedule-8	Powers of Local Level
Schedule-9	Concurrent powers (All 3 levels)

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🇳🇵 PROVINCES OF NEPAL – COMPLETE & DETAILED GUIDE

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1️⃣ KOSHI PROVINCE

🌄 Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 86°1' – 88°3' East Longitude | 26°3' – 28°2' North Latitude

• 📏 Total Area: 25,905 km²

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 18.8%

• 🏔️ Highest Point: Mount Sagarmatha (Everest) – 8,848.86 m (Solukhumbu)

• 🏞️ Lowest Point: Kechana Kawal (Jhapa) – 67 m

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • East & South: India

  • West: Bagmati Province & Madhesh Province

  • North: China (Tibet)

• 🏞️ Topographic Zones:

  1. Himalayan & Inner Himalayas

  2. Sub-Himalayas / Mountainous Region

  3. Valley Basin / Dun / Inner Terai

  4. Low Plain – Terai

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Parshuram Khapung

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Hikmat Karki

• 🏙️ Capital City: Biratnagar

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 14

  • Largest: Taplejung

  • Smallest: Terhathum

  • List: Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Ilam, Jhapa, Khotang, Morang, Okhaldhunga, Panchthar, Sankhuwasabha, Solukhumbu, Sunsari, Taplejung, Terhathum, Udayapur

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 137

  • 1 Metropolitan City

  • 2 Sub-Metropolitan Cities

  • 46 Municipalities

  • 88 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 1,157

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 93 seats (56 FPTP + 37 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 28 seats

  • Province Assembly: 56 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 4,961,412 (17.01% of Nepal)

• 👩 Female: 51.27%

• 👨 Male: 48.72%

• 🏠 Households: 1,191,556

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 0.86% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 95.02 males per 100 females

• 🏞️ Population Density: 192 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 66.63%

  • Kirat Mundhum: 17.14%

  • Buddhism: 9.20%

  • Islam: 3.59%

  • Christianity: 1.72%

  • Prakṛti: 1.33%

  • Other/No Religion: 0.39%

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Chhetri: 14.58%

  • Madheshi: 14.26%

  • Hill Brahmin: 11.98%

  • Rai: 11.26%

  • Limbu: 8.01%

  • Tamang: 4.62%

  • Magar: 4.13%

  • Tharu: 4.10%

  • Newar: 3.68%

  • Musalman: 3.55%

  • Kami: 3.27%

  • Rajbanshi: 2.47%

  • Other Janajati: 7.97%

  • Dalits: 3.81%

  • Others: 2.31%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Nepali: 42.53%

  • Maithili: 11.10%

  • Limbu: 7.27%

  • Tamang: 3.89%

  • Tharu: 3.87%

  • Magar: 3.20%

  • Bantawa: 2.88%

  • Urdu: 2.73%

  • Rajbanshi: 2.66%

  • Rai: 2.63%

  • Newar: 1.69%

  • Chaniling: 1.65%

  • Sherpa: 1.47%

  • Santhali: 1.07%

  • Others: 11.36%

• 📜 Official Languages:

  • Nepali (Official)

  • Maithili, Limbu, Bantawa (Other Official)

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): 15.9%

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 70.4 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 79.7%

• 📊 Human Development Index (HDI): 0.58

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 3.5% (FY 2023/24*)

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 15.8%

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $1,536 (current price, FY 2023/24*)

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 577 MW

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 97.3% (FY 2080/81**)

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 18.8%

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Mechi River

  • Kankai River

  • Koshi River (SaptaKoshi)

    • Tributaries: Tamor, Arun River, Sun Koshi, Dudh Koshi, Likhu Khola, Tama Koshi, Indrawati River

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Mount Everest

  • Kanchenjunga

  • Lhotse

  • Makalu

  • Cho Oyu

  • Kirat Chuli

  • Ama Dablam

🏙️ Major Cities

• Biratnagar

• Birtamod

• Birat Chowk

• Damak

• Dharan

• Itahari

• Triyuga

• Mechinagar

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Antudanda (Ilam)

• Kanyam & Bhedetar (Dhankuta)

• Namche Bazaar (Solukhumbu)

• Sagarmatha Base Camp

• Tallalaiya (Sunsari)

• Protected Areas:

  • Sagarmatha National Park

  • Makalu Barun National Park

  • Koshi Tappu Wildlife Sanctuary

  • Kanchenjunga Conservation Area

• Waterfalls: Todke and Pokli (Nepal's tallest)

• Temples & Sites:

  • Pathibhara Devi Temple (Taplejung)

  • Maipokhari (Ilam)

  • Arjundhara & Shatakshi Dam (Jhapa)

  • Barah Area (Sunsari)

  • Budha Subba, Dantkali, Ramdhuni

  • Halesi Mahadev (Khotang)

  • Barah Pokhari, Salpa Pokhari, Dudhkundi, Kalika Devi, Chinhtang Devi, Kankai

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2️⃣ MADHESH PROVINCE

🌾 Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 84°27' – 86°54'30" East Longitude | 26°23'38" – 27°28'17" North Latitude

• 📏 Total Area: 9,661 km² (6.56% of Nepal)

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 27.29%

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • South: India

  • North: Makwanpur & Sindhuli (Bagmati), Udaypur (Koshi)

  • West: Chitwan (Bagmati)

• 🏞️ Topographic Zones:

  1. Chure Region: 152,339 ha (15.88%)

  2. Dun / Valley Basin: 0.04% (Saptari & Parsa)

  3. Inner Terai / Bhabar Region: 25.62%

  4. Low Plain – Terai/Madhesh: 58.46% (<600 m altitude)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Sumitra Bhandari

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Saroj Kumar Yadav

• 🏙️ Capital City: Janakpur

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 8

  • Largest: Saptari

  • Smallest: Mahotari

  • List: Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahotari, Dhanusha, Siraha, Saptari

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 136

  • 1 Metropolitan City

  • 3 Sub-Metropolitan Cities

  • 73 Municipalities

  • 59 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 1,271

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 107 seats (64 FPTP + 43 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 32 seats

  • Province Assembly: 64 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 6,114,600 (21.01% of Nepal)

• 👨 Male: 49.87%

• 👩 Female: 50.13%

• 🏠 Households: 1,156,715

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 1.19% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 100.55

• 🏞️ Population Density: 633 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Yadav: 14.80%

  • Muslims: 11.59%

  • Teli: 5.10%

  • Koiri/Kushwaha: 4.56%

  • Chamar: 4.22%

  • Dhanuk: 3.49%

  • Musahar: 3.02%

  • Kurmi: 2.83%

  • Dusadh/Paswan: 2.79%

  • Mallah: 2.26%

  • Maithil Brahmin: 2.2%

  • Karan Kayastha: 1.5%

  • Madhesi Pandit: 8.0%

  • Hill Brahmin: 2.34%

  • Chhetri: 1.99%

  • Tharu: 5.27%

  • Tamang: 2.17%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Maithili: 45.36%

  • Bhojpuri: 18.59%

  • Bajjika: 14.68%

  • Nepali: 6.56%

  • Urdu: 5.87%

  • Tharu: 3.77%

  • Tamang: 1.94%

  • Others: 3.23%

• 📜 Official Languages:

  • Nepali, Maithili, Bajjika, Bhojpuri

  • Recommended: Urdu, Tharu, Tamang (for specific regions)

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 84.75%

  • Islam: 11.55%

  • Buddhism: 3.01%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty: 24.2%

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 71.8 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 63.5%

• 📊 HDI: 0.519 (Low)

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 3.8%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 13.1%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $875*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 25 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 100%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 3.9%**

🏞️ Natural & Cultural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Koshi River

  • Bagmati River

  • Kamla River

  • Lakhandei River

  • Bishnumati River

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Kamini Daha

  • Aada Pokhari

  • Dhanu Sagar

  • Kuti Pokhari

  • Laski Pokhari

  • Rukmini Sagar

  • Naini Pokhari

🏙️ Major Cities

• Birgunj

• Janakpur

• Kalaiya

• Jeetpur-Simara

• Rajbiraj

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Parsa National Park

• Janaki Temple

• Dhanushadham

• Chinnamasta Bhagawati Temple

• Kankalini Temple

• Churiya Mai Temple

• Gadhimal Temple

• Ghadiarwa Pokhari

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3️⃣ BAGMATI PROVINCE

🏔️ Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 83°55' – 86°34' East Longitude | 26°55' – 28°23' North Latitude

• 📏 Total Area: 20,300 km² (13.79% of Nepal)

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 27.29%

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • South: Madhesh & India

  • North: China

  • West: Gandaki Province

  • East: Koshi Province

• 🏞️ Topographic Zones:

  • High Himalayan Region (>5000 m)

  • Low Plain Terai (<500 m)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Yadav Chandra Sharma

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Shalikram Jamarkattel

• 🏙️ Capital City: Hetauda

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 13

  • Largest: Sindhupalchowk

  • Smallest: Bhaktpur

  • List: Sindhupalchowk, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Chitwan, Sindhuli, Kavrepalanchowk, Nuwakot, Rasuwa, Dhading, Makwanpur, Ramechhap, Dolakha, Bhaktpur

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 119

  • 3 Metropolitan Cities

  • 1 Sub-Metropolitan City

  • 41 Municipalities

  • 74 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 1,121

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 110 seats (66 FPTP + 44 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 33 seats

  • Province Assembly: 66 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 6,116,866 (21.0% of Nepal)

• 👩 Female: 50.16%

• 👨 Male: 49.84%

• 🏠 Households: 1,570,927

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 0.97% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 99.36

• 🏞️ Population Density: 301 persons/km² (National: 198)

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Tamang: 20.54%

  • Hill Brahmin: 18.32%

  • Chhetri: 17.13%

  • Newar: 17.07%

  • Magar: 4.87%

  • Kami: 2.52%

  • Gurung: 2.22%

  • Tharu: 1.63%

  • Rai: 1.52%

  • Sarki: 1.33%

  • Chepang: 1.16%

  • Other Janajati: 5.27%

  • Other Madheshi: 2.27%

  • Other Khas Arya: 1.84%

  • Other: 2.31%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Nepali: 56.23%

  • Tamang: 18.16%

  • Nepal Bhasa: 12.23%

  • Magar: 1.79%

  • Tharu: 1.31%

  • Maithili: 1.17%

  • Others: 9.11%

• 📜 Official Languages:

  • Nepali, Nepal Bhasa, Tamang

  • Recommended: Magar, Tharu, Maithili (for specific regions)

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 71.78%

  • Buddhism: 23.28%

  • Christianity: 2.87%

  • Prakrit: 0.75%

  • Islam: 0.67%

  • Kirat Mundhum: 0.41%

  • Other/No Religion: 0.23%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index: 7.0%

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 72.4 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 82.1%

• 📊 HDI: 0.661

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 4.0%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 36.4%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $2,484*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 1,196 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 99.5%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 18.7%**

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Bagmati River

  • Bhotekoshi River

  • Bishnumati River

  • Budhi Gandaki River

  • Dhobi Khola

  • East Rapti River

  • Hanumante River

  • Indravati River

  • Karra River

  • Kulekhani River

  • Melamehi River

  • Tamakoshi River

  • Trishuli River

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Bishazari Tal

  • Gosaikunda

  • Nagdaha

  • Paleo Kathmandu Lake

  • Panch Pokhari

  • Parvati Kunda

  • Taudaha Lake

  • Tsho Rolpa

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Gaurishankar

  • Langtang

  • Jugal

  • Ganesh Himal

🏙️ Major Cities

• Kathmandu

• Bhaktpur

• Lalitpur

• Bharatpur

• Hetauda

• Dhulikhel

• Banepa

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Chitwan National Park

• Bikram Baba

• Kodari

• Kakani

• Gorkha

• Pashupati Temple

• Changunarayan

• Jiri

• Tatopani

• Dhulikhel

• Nagarkot

• Pulchoki

• Balaju (Baisdhara)

• Devghat Dham (Chitwan)

• Palanchoke Bhagwati Kayre

• Kalingchoke Bhagwati

• Dolakha Bhimsen (Dolakha)

• Dakshinkali (Kathmandu)

• Tripurasundari (Dhading)

• Rasuwagadi & Gosainkunda (Rasuwa)

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4️⃣ GANDAKI PROVINCE

🏞️ Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 82°52' – 85°12' East Longitude | 27°20' – 29°12'01" North Latitude

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • North: China (Tibet)

  • East: Trisuli River, Buddi River & Bagmati Province

  • South: Uttar Pradesh (India)

  • West: Lumbini Province

• 📏 Total Area: 21,733 km² (15.3% of Nepal)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Dilliraj Bhatta

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Surendra Raj Pandey

• 🏙️ Capital City: Pokhara

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 11

  • Largest: Gorkha

  • Smallest: Parbat

  • List: Manang, Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Nawalpur (Bardaghat-Susta East), Kaski, Syangja, Parbat, Baglung, Myagdi, Mustang

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 85

  • 1 Metropolitan City

  • 26 Municipalities

  • 58 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 759

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 60 seats (36 FPTP + 24 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 18 seats

  • Province Assembly: 36 seats

  • National Assembly: 8 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 2,466,427 (8.3% of Nepal)

• 👩 Female: 52.53%

• 👨 Male: 47.47%

• 🏠 Households: 662,480

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 0.25% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 90.37

• 🏞️ Population Density: 115 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Brahman: 21.5%

  • Magar: 18.9%

  • Kshetri: 13.4%

  • Gurung: 11.4%

  • Kami: 8.7%

  • Newar: 4.3%

  • Sarki: 4.1%

  • Damai: 3.9%

  • Tamang: 2.1%

  • Tharu: 1.7%

  • Other: 10%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Nepali: 72.67%

  • Magar: 9.85%

  • Gurung: 8.70%

  • Newar: 1.72%

  • Tharu: 1.48%

  • Tamang: 1.42%

  • Others: 4.16%

• 📜 Official Languages: Nepali, Gurung, Magar

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 82.89%

  • Buddhism: 13.68%

  • Christianity: 1.56%

  • Islam: 0.77%

  • Bon: 0.50%

  • Prakṛti: 0.27%

  • Others: 0.33%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index: 9.6%

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 72.1 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 81.7%

• 📊 HDI: 0.621

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 4.6%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 9.1%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $1,557*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 933 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 99.3%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 12.8%**

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Kaligandaki

  • Budhigandaki

  • Marsyangdi

  • Modi

  • Madi

  • Daraudi

  • Seti

  • Aandhikhola

  • Badigad

  • Uttarganga

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Fewa Lake

  • Begnas Lake

  • Rupa Lake

  • Tilicho Lake

  • Damodarkunda

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Annapurna

  • Dhaulagiri

  • Machhapuchhre

  • Nilgiri

  • Manaslu

  • Ganesh Himal

🏙️ Major Cities

• Pokhara

• Waling

• Damault

• Kawasoti

• Baglung Bazaar

• Kusma

• Besisahar

• Jomsom

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Annapurna Conservation Area

• Manaslu Conservation Area

• Mustang

• Kagbeni/Muktinath Chhetra

• Dewaghat Chhetra

• Dhorpatan

• Manakamana/Bindabasini Temples

• Gorkha Durbar

• Ghalegaur

• Fewa Lake

• Begnas Lake

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5️⃣ LUMBINI PROVINCE

🌾 Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 80°58' – 84°12' East Longitude | 27°37' – 28°50' North Latitude

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • North: Gandaki & Karnali Provinces

  • East: Gandaki Province

  • South: Uttar Pradesh (India)

  • West: Karnali & Sudurpashchim Provinces

• 📏 Total Area: 27,984 km² (11.8% of Nepal)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Amik Sherchan

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Jokha Bahadur Mahara

• 🏙️ Capital City: Deukhuri, Dang

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 12

  • Largest: Dang

  • Smallest: Parasi

  • List: Kapilvastu, Parasi, Rupandehi, Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, Dang, Pyuthan, Rolpa, Eastern Rukum, Banke, Bardiya

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 109

  • 4 Sub-Metropolitan Cities

  • 32 Municipalities

  • 73 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 1,064

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 87 seats (52 FPTP + 35 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 26 seats

  • Province Assembly: 52 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 5,122,078 (17.7% of Nepal)

• 👩 Female: 52.08%

• 👨 Male: 47.91%

• 🏠 Households: 1,141,902

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 1.24% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 92.01

• 🏞️ Population Density: 230 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Tharu: 15.14%

  • Magar: 15.01%

  • Chhetri: 13.60%

  • Hill Brahmin: 12.37%

  • Musalman: 6.93%

  • Kami: 6.00%

  • Yadav: 4.03%

  • Chamar: 2.04%

  • Damai: 1.88%

  • Kurmi: 1.57%

  • Sarki: 1.48%

  • Newar: 1.35%

  • Thakuri: 1.33%

  • Sanyasi: 1.15%

  • Other Terai: 11.54%

  • Other Janajati: 2.72%

  • Other Khas: 1.22%

  • Others: 0.74%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Nepali: 50.09%

  • Tharu: 13.3%

  • Bhojpuri: 11.4%

  • Awadhi: 11.2%

  • Urdu: 5.1%

  • Magar: 4.6%

  • Maithili: 1.2%

  • Nepal Bhasa: 0.6%

  • Gurung: 0.4%

  • Others: 1.3%

• 📜 Official Languages: Nepali, Tharu, Awadhi

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 88.8%

  • Islam: 6.9%

  • Buddhism: 3.1%

  • Christianity: 1%

  • Other/No Religion: 0.3%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index: 18.2

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 69.5 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 78.1%

• 📊 HDI: 0.563

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 4.1%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 14.3%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $1,159*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 58 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 98.3%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 16.2%**

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Babai

  • Badighat

  • Bauraha

  • Tinau

  • West Rapti

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Jagadishpur

  • Jakhira

  • Gaidahawa

  • Rukmini

  • Lausa

  • Gajedi Lake

  • Sagrahawa Lake

  • Satyawati Lake

  • Barhakune Daha

  • Kichkanni Taal

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Mount Putha

  • Mount Dogari

  • Mount Samjang

  • Hiuchuli

  • Nimku

  • Sisne

🏙️ Major Cities

• Ghorahi

• Tulsipur

• Nepalgunj

• Butwal

• Bhairahawa

• Kohalpur

• Sunwal

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Lumbini (Birthplace of Buddha)

• Tilaurakot

• Shrinagar

• Tansen

• Ramgram Stupa

• Sidda Baba Temple

• Rani Mahal

• Swargadwari Temple

• Bardiya National Park

• Bageshwori Temple

• Ruru Kshetra

• Resunga

• Supadeurali Temple

---

6️⃣ KARNALI PROVINCE

🏔️ Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 80°58' – 83°40' East Longitude | 28°10' – 30°26' North Latitude

• 📏 Total Area: 30,211 km² (21.6% of Nepal)

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 38% (41% including grazing & bush land)

• 📐 Dimensions: 265 km (East-West) × 250 km (North-South)

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • South: Lumbini Province

  • North: China

  • West: Sudurpashchim Province

  • East: Lumbini & Gandaki Provinces

• 🏞️ Topographic Zones:

  • High Himalayan Region

  • Mahabharat Region

  • Mid Mountains

  • Valleys

  • Chure (South)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Tilak Pariyar

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Yamlal Kandel

• 🏙️ Capital City: Birendranagar, Surkhet

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 10

  • Largest: Dolpa (7,889 km²)

  • Smallest: West Rukum (1,213.49 km²)

  • List: Dolpa, Dailekh, Humla, Mugu, Jumla, Kalikot, Jajarkot, Surkhet, Salyan, West Rukum

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 79

  • 25 Municipalities

  • 54 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 718

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 40 seats (24 FPTP + 16 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 12 seats

  • Province Assembly: 24 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 1,688,412 (5.8% of Nepal)

• 👨 Male: 48.78%

• 👩 Female: 51.21%

• 🏠 Households: 366,255

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 0.70% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 95.27

• 🏞️ Population Density: 60 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Chhetri: 41.61%

  • Kami: 15.84%

  • Magar: 10.88%

  • Thakuri: 10.29%

  • Hill Brahmin: 8.36%

  • Damai: 3.98%

  • Sarki: 2.63%

  • Sanyasi: 1.69%

  • Others: 4.72%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Nepali: 95.55%

  • Magar: 2.07%

  • Tamang: 0.72%

  • Tharu: 0.41%

  • Others: 1.25%

• 📜 Official Languages: Nepali, Khas-Jumli, Magar

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism/Mastoism: 95.34%

  • Buddhism: 3.09%

  • Christianity: 1.30%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index: 39.6%

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 72.5 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 76.1%

• 📊 HDI: 0.538

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 3.4%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 4.3%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $1,066*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 16 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 68.5%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 13.5%**

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Karnali River (sub-basins: Bheri, Mugu Karnali, Tila, Lodi, Dojam, Seti, Babai, Rapti)

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Kupinde Daha

  • Shey Phoksundo Lake

  • Rara Lake

  • Bulbule

  • Suna Daha

  • Jagadulla

  • Giri Daha

  • Kachuwa Daha

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Churen Himal

  • Kanjirawa

  • Kubi Gangri

  • Changla Himal

🏙️ Major Cities

• Birendranagar

• Gurbakot

• Dullu

• Bheriganga

• Bagchaur

• Aathbiskot

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Chandamath Temple

• Danasangu

• Kakrebihar

• Sinja Valley

• Hilsa

• Rara Lake

• Shey Phoksundo Lake

• Panchal Waterfall

• Khalanga Durbar

• Rara National Park

• Shey Phoksundo National Park

---

7️⃣ SUDURPASHCHIM PROVINCE

🗻 Geography

• 📍 Coordinates: 80°03' – 81°25' East Longitude | 28°22' – 30°09' North Latitude

• 📏 Total Area: 15,539 km² (13.27% of Nepal)

• 🏔️ Land Coverage:

  • Himalayas: 40.6%

  • Mountains: 34.54%

  • Terai/Plains: 24.86%

• ⛰️ Elevation:

  • Highest: Api Himal (7,132 m)

  • Lowest: Kailali District (109 m)

• 🗺️ Borders:

  • West & South: India

  • North: China & Humla District (Karnali)

  • East: Surkhet, Dailekh, Kalikot, Mugu (Karnali) & Bardiya (Lumbini)

• 🏞️ Topographic Zones:

  • High Himalayan Region

  • Mahabharat Region

  • Mid Mountains

  • Plain Lands (Terai)

🏛️ Government & Administration

• 📅 Formation Date: 20 September 2015

• 👤 Governor: Najir Miya

• 👨‍💼 Chief Minister: Dirpha Sodari

• 🏙️ Capital City: Godawari, Kailali

• 🗺️ Total Districts: 9

  • Largest: Bajhang

  • Smallest: Baitadi

  • List: Bajhang, Achham, Bajura, Dadeldhura, Darchula, Doti, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Baitadi

• 🏘️ Local Governments: 88

  • 1 Sub-Metropolitan City

  • 33 Municipalities

  • 54 Rural Municipalities

• 🏡 Total Wards: 734

• 🗳️ Electoral Constituencies:

  • Provincial Assembly: 53 seats (32 FPTP + 21 PR)

  • House of Representatives: 16 seats

  • Province Assembly: 32 seats

  • National Assembly: 8 seats

📊 Demographics

• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Total Population: 2,694,783 (9.1% of Nepal)

• 👩 Female: 52.77%

• 👨 Male: 47.23%

• 🏠 Households: 577,102

• 📈 Population Growth Rate: 0.52% (National: 0.92%)

• 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♀️ Gender Ratio: 89.51

• 🏞️ Population Density: 138 persons/km²

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social & Cultural Diversity

• 👥 Caste/Ethnicity:

  • Khas/Chhetri: 44.09%

  • Tharu: 17.15%

  • Hill Brahmin: 11.90%

  • Kami: 7.22%

  • Thakuri: 4.40%

  • Damai: 2.56%

  • Magar: 2.18%

  • Sarki: 1.67%

  • Lohar: 1.17%

  • Sanyasi: 1.01%

  • Other Khas Dalit: 3.15%

  • Others: 2.5%

• 🗣️ Languages Spoken:

  • Doteli: 30.45%

  • Nepali: 30.18%

  • Tharu: 17.01%

  • Baitadeli: 10.65%

  • Achhami: 5.58%

  • Bajhangi: 2.64%

  • Others: 3.49%

• 📜 Official Languages: Nepali, Doteli, Rana Tharu

• 🛐 Religions:

  • Hinduism: 97.23%

  • Christianity: 1.09%

  • Buddhism: 1.07%

  • Islam: 0.23%

  • Prakṛti: 0.22%

  • Other/No Religion: 0.16%

📈 Development Indicators

• 🏚️ Multidimensional Poverty Index: 25.3% (2021)

• 🧓 Life Expectancy: 71.3 years (National: 71.3)

• 📚 Literacy Rate: 76.2%

• 📊 HDI: 0.547 (2020)

💼 Economic Indicators

• 📈 Economic Growth Rate: 3.4%*

• 🏛️ GDP Contribution: 7.1%*

• 💰 GDP Per Capita Income: $1,111*

• ⚡ Hydroelectricity Generation: 171 MW**

• 🔌 Electricity Access: 83.5%**

• 🌲 Forest Coverage: 16.1%**

🏞️ Natural Features

• 🌊 Major Rivers & Streams:

  • Seti

  • Mahakali

  • Chamelia

  • Budiganga

  • Suryana

  • Mohana

  • Banara

  • Godawari Khola

  • Suheli

  • Sharda River

• 🏞️ Major Lakes:

  • Surama Sarovar

  • Jhilmila Lake

  • Rani Lake

  • Ghodaghodi Taal

  • Budinansa Taal

• 🏔️ Mountains/Himalayas:

  • Api Himal

  • Bobaye

  • Gurans Himal

  • Jethi Bahurani

  • Saipal

🏙️ Major Cities

• Dhangadi

• Bhimdutta

• Godawari

• Tikapur

🛐 Major Tourist & Religious Places

• Khaptad National Park

• Dipayal (Shaileshowari Temple)

• Baijanath Dham

• Ramaroshan

• Badi Malika (Bajura)

• Tripurasundari Devi (Baitadi)

• Shuklaphanta National Park

• Surma Sarovar

• Mount Saipal

• Ugratara Temple

• Tripura Temple

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📊 SUMMARY TABLE – ALL 7 PROVINCES

Province	Capital	Area (km²)	Population	Density (/km²)	GDP/Capita (USD)	HDI	MPI (%)
Koshi	Biratnagar	25,905	4,961,412	192	1,536	0.58	15.9
Madhesh	Janakpur	9,661	6,114,600	633	875	0.519	24.2
Bagmati	Hetauda	20,300	6,116,866	301	2,484	0.661	7.0
Gandaki	Pokhara	21,733	2,466,427	115	1,557	0.621	9.6
Lumbini	Deukhuri	27,984	5,122,078	230	1,159	0.563	18.2
Karnali	Birendranagar	30,211	1,688,412	60	1,066	0.538	39.6
Sudurpashchim	Godawari	15,539	2,694,783	138	1,111	0.547	25.3

---

Notes:

• Data from FY 2023/24

• Data from FY 2080/81

🏛️ FEATURES OF DIFFERENT PROVINCES OF NEPAL

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🗺️ NAME AND CAPITAL OF PROVINCES

#	Province	Capital	Formation Date	Governor	Chief Minister
1️⃣	Koshi Province	Biratnagar	20 Sep 2015	Parshuram Khapung	Hikmat Karki
2️⃣	Madhesh Province	Janakpur	20 Sep 2015	Sumitra Bhandari	Saroj Kumar Yadav
3️⃣	Bagmati Province	Hetauda	20 Sep 2015	Yadav Chandra Sharma	Shalikram Jamarkattel
4️⃣	Gandaki Province	Pokhara	20 Sep 2015	Dilliraj Bhatta	Surendra Raj Pandey
5️⃣	Lumbini Province	Deukhuri, Dang	20 Sep 2015	Amik Sherchan	Jokha Bahadur Mahara
6️⃣	Karnali Province	Birendranagar, Surkhet	20 Sep 2015	Tilak Pariyar	Yamlal Kandel
7️⃣	Sudurpashchim Province	Godawari, Kailali	20 Sep 2015	Najir Miya	Dirpha Sodari

---

🏛️ UNIQUE FEATURES OF EACH PROVINCE

1️⃣ KOSHI PROVINCE 🏔️

• Highest Peak: Mount Everest (8,848.86 m)

• Lowest Point: Kechana Kawal (67 m)

• Major Rivers: Koshi (SaptaKoshi), Mechi, Kankai

• National Parks: Sagarmatha, Makalu Barun

• Special Feature: Home to world's highest peak & tallest waterfalls (Todke & Pokli)

2️⃣ MADHESH PROVINCE 🌾

• Geographic Feature: 58.46% Terai land (most fertile)

• Religious Significance: Janaki Temple (Hindu pilgrimage site)

• Unique: 100% electricity access

• Diversity: Highest population density (633/km²)

3️⃣ BAGMATI PROVINCE 🏙️

• Capital Region: Includes Kathmandu Valley

• Economic Hub: 36.4% GDP contribution (highest in Nepal)

• Cultural Mix: Tamang (20.54%), Hill Brahmin (18.32%), Newar (17.07%)

• Hydro Power: 1,196 MW generation

4️⃣ GANDAKI PROVINCE 🏞️

• Tourism Capital: Pokhara (Tourism hub)

• Mountain Range: Annapurna & Dhaulagiri ranges

• Lakes: Fewa, Begnas, Rupa, Tilicho

• Lowest Growth Rate: 0.25% population growth

5️⃣ LUMBINI PROVINCE 🕉️

• Birthplace of Buddha: Lumbini (UNESCO World Heritage)

• Spiritual Center: Multiple important Buddhist & Hindu sites

• Highest Growth Rate: 1.24% population growth

• Protected Areas: Bardiya National Park

6️⃣ KARNALI PROVINCE 🏔️

• Largest Province: 30,211 km² (21.6% of Nepal)

• Lowest Density: 60 persons/km²

• Lakes: Rara & Shey Phoksundo (largest & deepest)

• Highest MPI: 39.6% multidimensional poverty

7️⃣ SUDURPASHCHIM PROVINCE 🗻

• Highest Peak: Api Himal (7,132 m)

• Border Province: Borders both India & China

• Language Diversity: Doteli, Nepali, Tharu, Baitadeli

• National Park: Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

---

📊 PROVINCIAL & PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCIES OF NEPAL

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (165 SEATS)

Province	Total Seats	FPTP Seats	PR Seats
Koshi	28	28	Proportional included in national PR
Madhesh	32	32	Proportional included in national PR
Bagmati	33	33	Proportional included in national PR
Gandaki	18	18	Proportional included in national PR
Lumbini	26	26	Proportional included in national PR
Karnali	12	12	Proportional included in national PR
Sudurpashchim	16	16	Proportional included in national PR
TOTAL	165	165	110 (National PR)

PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY SEATS

Province	Total Seats	FPTP Seats	PR Seats
Koshi	93	56	37
Madhesh	107	64	43
Bagmati	110	66	44
Gandaki	60	36	24
Lumbini	87	52	35
Karnali	40	24	16
Sudurpashchim	53	32	21
TOTAL	550	330	220

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🗳️ DISTRICT-WISE CONSTITUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

CONSTITUENCY BREAKDOWN BY DISTRICT TYPE

Constituency Count	Number of Districts	Examples
Single Constituency	35 districts	Dolpa, Mugu, Jumla, Kalikot, etc.
Double Constituency	21 districts	Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, etc.
Three Constituency	7 districts	Kavrepalanchowk, Makwanpur, etc.
Four Constituency	9 districts	Rupandehi, Banke, Bardiya, etc.
Five Constituency	3 districts	Kailali, Dang, etc.
Six Constituency	1 district	—
Ten Constituency	1 district	Kathmandu

NOTABLE DISTRICT CONSTITUENCY HIGHLIGHTS

🥇 Kathmandu District 👑

• Constituencies: 10 (Highest in Nepal)

• Population: 2,041,587 (Highest)

• Density: 5,169 persons/km² (Highest)

• Significance: Capital district, political & economic center

🏞️ Low Constituency Districts (Single Constituency) 🌄

• 35 districts with only 1 constituency each

• Mostly remote, mountainous, low-population districts

• Examples: Manang, Mustang, Dolpa, Humla, Rasuwa

🌾 Medium Constituency Districts (2-4 constituencies) 🏙️

• 37 districts with 2-4 constituencies

• Mix of Terai, hill, and some urban districts

• Examples:

  • Jhapa (2), Morang (2), Sunsari (2)

  • Rupandehi (4), Banke (4), Bardiya (4)

🏙️ High Constituency Districts (5+ constituencies) 📈

• 5 districts with 5 or more constituencies

• High population density & urban concentration

• Examples:

  • Kailali (5)

  • Dang (5)

  • Kathmandu (10)

---

📋 ELECTORAL SYSTEM EXPLAINED

🏛️ Two-Tier System:

1. First Past the Post (FPTP) – Direct election of representatives

2. Proportional Representation (PR) – Party list system based on vote share

🏛️ Three Levels of Government:

1. Federal Parliament (House of Representatives: 165 + National Assembly: 59)

2. Provincial Assembly (550 total across 7 provinces)

3. Local Government (753 local units)

📊 Representation Ratio:

• House of Representatives: 1 MP per ~176,000 people

• Provincial Assembly: 1 member per ~53,000 people

• Gender Inclusion: At least 33% women in all elected bodies

---

🏆 SPECIAL CONSTITUENCY FACTS

Fact	Detail
Most Constituencies in One District	Kathmandu (10)
Most Single-Constituency Districts	35 districts
Highest PR Seats in Province	Madhesh (43)
Lowest PR Seats in Province	Karnali (16)
Total FPTP Seats (National)	165 (HoR) + 330 (Provincial) = 495
Total PR Seats (National)	110 (HoR) + 220 (Provincial) = 330
Total Elected Representatives	165 + 550 + 753 = 1,468+

---

🎨 VISUAL SUMMARY OF PROVINCIAL FEATURES

BY GEOGRAPHY 🗺️

• Himalayan Dominant: Karnali, Gandaki, Koshi

• Hill Dominant: Bagmati, Gandaki

• Terai Dominant: Madhesh, Lumbini, Sudurpashchim (partial)

BY ECONOMY 💰

• Highest GDP/Capita: Bagmati ($2,484)

• Lowest GDP/Capita: Madhesh ($875)

• Highest Contribution: Bagmati (36.4%)

• Lowest Contribution: Karnali (4.3%)

BY DEVELOPMENT 📈

• Highest HDI: Bagmati (0.661)

• Lowest HDI: Madhesh (0.519)

• Lowest MPI: Bagmati (7.0%)

• Highest MPI: Karnali (39.6%)

BY POPULATION 👥

• Most Populous: Madhesh (6.11 million)

• Least Populous: Karnali (1.69 million)

• Highest Density: Madhesh (633/km²)

• Lowest Density: Karnali (60/km²)

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🏛️ GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AT A GLANCE

NEPAL'S THREE-TIER GOVERNMENT
├── 🇳🇵 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
│   ├── House of Representatives (165)
│   └── National Assembly (59)
│
├── 🏛️ PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS (7)
│   ├── Provincial Assembly (550 total)
│   ├── Governor (Appointed)
│   └── Chief Minister (Elected)
│
└── 🏘️ LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (753)
    ├── Metropolitan Cities (6)
    ├── Sub-Metropolitan Cities (11)
    ├── Municipalities (276)
    └── Rural Municipalities (460)

---

Note: All data based on 2078 BS (2021 AD) Census and current constitutional provisions. Electoral boundaries are reviewed periodically as per population changes.

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🏛️ LOCAL LEVELS IN NEPAL – COMPLETE GUIDE

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📊 OVERVIEW OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE

🏛️ Constitutional Framework

• Constitution: Nepal Constitution 2072 BS (2015 AD)

• Governance Type: Three-tier Federal System

• Local Autonomy: Local governments have autonomous status (not just administrative units)

📈 Local Level Distribution

Level Type	Number	Percentage
Metropolises	6	0.8%
Sub-Metropolises	11	1.5%
Municipalities	276	36.7%
Rural Municipalities	460	61.0%
TOTAL	753	100%

---

🗺️ LOCAL LEVELS BY PROVINCE

1️⃣ KOSHI PROVINCE

• Districts: 14

• Local Levels: 137

  • Metropolitan City: 1 (Biratnagar)

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 2 (Itahari, Dharan)

  • Municipalities: 46

  • Rural Municipalities: 88

• Total Wards: 1,157

2️⃣ MADHESH PROVINCE

• Districts: 8

• Local Levels: 136

  • Metropolitan City: 1 (Janakpur)

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 3 (Birgunj, Kalaiya, Gaur)

  • Municipalities: 73

  • Rural Municipalities: 59

• Total Wards: 1,271

3️⃣ BAGMATI PROVINCE

• Districts: 13

• Local Levels: 119

  • Metropolitan City: 3 (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bharatpur)

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 1 (Hetauda)

  • Municipalities: 41

  • Rural Municipalities: 74

• Total Wards: 1,121

4️⃣ GANDAKI PROVINCE

• Districts: 11

• Local Levels: 85

  • Metropolitan City: 1 (Pokhara)

  • Municipalities: 26

  • Rural Municipalities: 58

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 0

• Total Wards: 759

5️⃣ LUMBINI PROVINCE

• Districts: 12

• Local Levels: 109

  • Metropolitan City: 0

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 4 (Butwal, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, Ghorahi)

  • Municipalities: 32

  • Rural Municipalities: 73

• Total Wards: 1,064

6️⃣ KARNALI PROVINCE

• Districts: 10

• Local Levels: 79

  • Metropolitan City: 0

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 0

  • Municipalities: 25

  • Rural Municipalities: 54

• Total Wards: 718

7️⃣ SUDURPASHCHIM PROVINCE

• Districts: 9

• Local Levels: 88

  • Metropolitan City: 0

  • Sub-Metropolitan City: 1 (Dhangadhi)

  • Municipalities: 33

  • Rural Municipalities: 54

• Total Wards: 734

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🏙️ CLASSIFICATION OF LOCAL LEVELS

📋 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL LEVELS

🏘️ MUNICIPALITY CRITERIA

Region	Population Required	Annual Income (5-year avg)
Himalayan Region	≥ 10,000	≥ ₹10 million
Hilly Region	≥ 40,000	≥ ₹30 million
Inner Madhesh	≥ 50,000	≥ ₹30 million
Terai Districts	≥ 75,000	≥ ₹30 million
Kathmandu Valley	≥ 100,000	≥ ₹30 million

🏙️ BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS

1. Roads & Transportation: Paved roads, connectivity

2. Utilities: Electricity, drinking water, communication

3. Healthcare: At least 25-bed hospital

4. Education: School facilities

5. Public Facilities:

   • Bus park with resting zone

   • Public toilets

   • Community building & meeting hall

   • Market area

   • Butchery house

   • Cremation site

   • Sports ground

6. Environmental:

   • Waste management system

   • Landfill site

   • Open spaces & parks

7. Financial: Bank & financial institutions

8. Planning: Prepared urban/town master-plan

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🌆 SUB-METROPOLIS CRITERIA

Criteria	Requirement
Population	≥ 200,000
Annual Income	≥ ₹250 million (5-year avg)
Healthcare	200-bed hospital (including 100-bed general hospital)
Education	High-level & technical education facilities
Infrastructure	Major roads blacktopped/concrete
Public Facilities	National-level stadium, covered hall
Tourism	Tourist standard hotel, motel, resort
Accessibility	Disabled-friendly public facilities
Others	Modern butchery, managed cremation site, public parks

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🏙️ METROPOLIS CRITERIA

Criteria	Requirement
Population	≥ 500,000
Annual Income	≥ ₹1 billion (5-year avg)
Healthcare	500-bed hospital + specialized service hospital
Transportation	Metro transport facilities, disabled-friendly
Roads	≥ 75% concrete roads
Education	Post-graduate (Master's) level institutions
International Facilities	Airport access, meeting halls, exhibition centers
Public Facilities	International-level stadium, museums, shopping malls
Recreation	Theaters, creative galleries, children's parks
Heritage	Protected heritage sites
Environment	Urban greenery & beauty

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📊 PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS WITH PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCIES

CONSTITUENCY DISTRIBUTION ACROSS PROVINCES

Province	Districts	HoR Seats	Avg. Seats/District
Koshi	14	28	2.0
Madhesh	8	32	4.0
Bagmati	13	33	2.5
Gandaki	11	18	1.6
Lumbini	12	26	2.2
Karnali	10	12	1.2
Sudurpashchim	9	16	1.8

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🏞️ DISTRICTS FEATURES & HISTORY

📜 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF DISTRICTS

Period	Ruler/Government	District Count	Organization
Early 19th Century	Bhimsen Thapa	39 districts	Traditional division
1950 BS	Bir Shamsher	35 districts	12 Terai + 23 Hill districts
Baishakh 01, 2018 BS	King Mahendra	75 districts	Reorganized into 14 zones
Bhadra 05, 2074 BS	Government of Nepal	77 districts	Current structure

🗺️ BORDER DISTRICTS CLASSIFICATION

INTERNATIONAL BORDER DISTRICTS

Border Type	Number of Districts	Examples
India Only	25	Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Saptari, etc.
China Only	13	Solukhumbu, Rasuwa, Mustang, Humla, etc.
Both India & China	2	Taplejung, Darchula
Neither India nor China	37	Kathmandu, Bhaktpur, Kavre, etc.

TOTAL BORDER DISTRICTS: 40 (27 with India, 15 with China)

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🏆 DISTRICT GEOGRAPHICAL SOBRIQUETS & FEATURES

District	Sobriquet/Feature	Description
Taplejung	"District of 3 Borders"	Borders India, China & Koshi Province
Darchula	"Twin-border District"	Borders both India & China
Sindhuli	"District of 10 Borders"	Shares borders with 10 other districts
Kathmandu	"Capital District"	Most populous (2+ million), 10 constituencies
Manang	"Lowest Density"	3 persons/km² (lowest in Nepal)
Mugu	"Most Remote"	Least developed, high poverty index
Jhapa	"Eastern Gateway"	Borders India, agricultural hub
Kanchanpur	"Western Gateway"	Borders India, Shuklaphanta NP
Solukhumbu	"Roof of the World"	Contains Mt. Everest
Chitwan	"Wildlife Capital"	Chitwan National Park
Mustang	"Forbidden Kingdom"	Ancient Tibetan culture, arid landscape
Dolpa	"Hidden Valley"	Shey Phoksundo Lake, remote
Rara (Mugu)	"Lake District"	Rara Lake (largest in Nepal)
Ilam	"Tea Garden"	Famous for tea production
Kavrepalanchok	"Panch Pokhari"	Five famous lakes
Dhankuta	"Orange Capital"	Famous for oranges
Sunsari	"Industrial Hub"	Biratnagar industrial area
Banke	"Bardiya Gateway"	Access to Bardiya National Park
Bardiya	"Tiger Capital"	Bardiya National Park (tiger habitat)
Rupandehi	"Birthplace of Peace"	Lumbini (Buddha's birthplace)

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🏛️ SPECIAL DISTRICT FEATURES

BORDER SHARING RECORDS

Feature	District	Details
Most Neighboring Districts	Sindhuli	Borders 10 other districts
International Border Length	Kanchanpur	Longest India border
Highest Altitude District	Solukhumbu	Contains Everest (8,848m)
Lowest Altitude District	Jhapa	Kechana Kawal (67m)
Largest District	Dolpa	7,889 km²
Smallest District	Bhaktpur	119 km²

UNIQUE COMBINATIONS

Combination	Districts
Districts bordering 10 others	Udayapur, Siraha, Kavrepalanchok, Makwanpur, Okhaldhunga, Ramechhap, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Sindhuli
Districts with no international border	37 districts
Districts with both borders	Taplejung, Darchula
Districts in all 3 regions	Some districts span Himalayan, Hill & Terai

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📋 ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY

NEPAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
├── 🇳🇵 COUNTRY (1)
│   ├── PROVINCES (7)
│   │   ├── DISTRICTS (77)
│   │   │   ├── LOCAL LEVELS (753)
│   │   │   │   ├── METROPOLISES (6)
│   │   │   │   ├── SUB-METROPOLISES (11)
│   │   │   │   ├── MUNICIPALITIES (276)
│   │   │   │   └── RURAL MUNICIPALITIES (460)
│   │   │   └── WARDS (≈6,700)

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🎯 KEY FACTS SUMMARY

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

• Urban Population: 66.17% (in municipalities)

• Rural Population: 33.83% (in rural municipalities)

• Most Urbanized: Bagmati Province

• Least Urbanized: Karnali Province

ELECTORAL FACTS

• Total Wards in Nepal: ≈6,700

• Ward Size: Average 4,300 people per ward

• Largest Metropolitan City: Kathmandu (862,400 people)

• Smallest Rural Municipality: Narpabhumi, Manang (396 people)

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

• Highest Municipal Density: Kathmandu (5,169/km²)

• Lowest Municipal Density: Manang (3/km²)

• Municipalities with <20,000 population: 14

• Municipalities with >100,000 population: 37

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🏆 RECORD HOLDERS AMONG LOCAL LEVELS

Category	Local Level	Province	Details
Largest Population	Kathmandu Metro	Bagmati	862,400 people
Smallest Population	Narpabhumi RM	Gandaki	396 people
Highest Elevation	Various Himalayan RMs	Karnali/Gandaki	Above 4,000m
Lowest Elevation	Terai Municipalities	Madhesh	Below 100m
Oldest Municipality	Kathmandu	Bagmati	Established long ago
Newest Municipality	Various	All	Created after 2015

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📊 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

PROVINCE-WISE LOCAL LEVEL DISTRIBUTION

Province	Area (%)	Population (%)	Local Levels (%)
Koshi	17.6%	17.0%	18.2%
Madhesh	6.6%	21.0%	18.1%
Bagmati	13.8%	21.0%	15.8%
Gandaki	14.8%	8.3%	11.3%
Lumbini	19.0%	17.7%	14.5%
Karnali	20.5%	5.8%	10.5%
Sudurpashchim	10.6%	9.1%	11.7%

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🗺️ DISTRICT FEATURES & GEOGRAPHICAL SOBRIQUETS OF NEPAL

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🏆 UNIQUE DISTRICT SOBRIQUETS & FEATURES

District	Sobriquet/Epithet	What It Means
Humla	🏔️ "Highest Headquarters District"	District headquarters at highest altitude in Nepal
Mahottari (Jaleshwor)	📉 "Lowest Headquarters District"	District headquarters at lowest altitude (61m)
Kathmandu	💧 "Seven Ponds District"	Historically known for seven significant ponds/water bodies
Kaski (Pokhara)	🏞️ "Seven Lakes District"	Famous for its seven major lakes including Fewa, Begnas, Rupa
Rasuwa	❄️ "Seven Kundas District"	Home to seven sacred high-altitude lakes (kundas)
Rukum	🌊 "52 Ponds & 53 Lakes District"	Known for having exactly 52 ponds and 53 natural lakes
Surkhet	⛰️ "12 Bandal 18 Khandal District"	Named for its 12 ridges (bandal) and 18 valleys (khandal)
Solukhumbu	✈️ "Most Airports District"	Has the most number of airports (4) in any district
Parsa	🛣️ "Highway-Bypassed Terai District"	Only Terai district not connected to Mahendra Highway
Sankhuwasabha	🏞️ "Deepest Valley District"	Contains Arun Valley – world's deepest valley
Chitwan	🥚 "Egg Basket of Nepal"	Major poultry and egg production center
Manang & Mustang	🏔️ "Land Beyond the Mountains"	Trans-Himalayan districts with unique Tibetan culture
Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur	🆕 "Naya Muluk"	"New Territory" – districts acquired from Nepal-India treaty
Baglung	🌉 "District of Suspension Bridges"	Has map shape similar to Nepal & most suspension bridges

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🗺️ ADDITIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTINCTIONS

ALTITUDE EXTREMES

Record	District	Location	Altitude
Highest Settlement	Solukhumbu	Dingboche	4,410m
Lowest Point	Jhapa	Kechana Kawal	67m
Highest Headquarters	Humla	Simikot	2,950m
Lowest Headquarters	Mahottari	Jaleshwor	61m

WATER BODIES SPECIALTIES

District	Water Feature	Number/Type
Rukum	Ponds & Lakes	52 ponds + 53 lakes
Rasuwa	Sacred Lakes	7 kundas (Gosaikunda, etc.)
Kaski	Major Lakes	7 (Fewa, Begnas, Rupa, etc.)
Kathmandu	Historical Ponds	7 ancient ponds

INFRASTRUCTURE UNIQUENESS

District	Infrastructure Feature	Details
Solukhumbu	Airports	4 airports (most in any district)
Parsa	Highway	Only Terai district without Mahendra Highway
Baglung	Bridges	Highest number of suspension bridges
Sankhuwasabha	Valley	Contains Arun Valley (world's deepest)

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🏔️ CULTURAL & HISTORICAL SOBRIQUETS

"NAYA MULUK" DISTRICTS 🆕

• Meaning: "New Territory/Land"

• Districts: Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur

• History: Acquired by Nepal through Sugauli Treaty (1816) revisions

• Feature: Western Terai districts with rich biodiversity

TRANS-HIMALAYAN DISTRICTS 🏔️

• Districts: Manang, Mustang

• Sobriquet: "Land Beyond the Mountains"

• Culture: Tibetan Buddhist influence

• Geography: Rain-shadow area, arid landscape

AGRICULTURAL HUB 🌾

• Chitwan: "Egg Basket of Nepal"

• Significance: Major agricultural and poultry production zone

• Feature: Fertile plains, commercial farming

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🗺️ SHAPE & GEOGRAPHICAL RESEMBLANCES

BAGLUNG DISTRICT 🗺️

• Unique Feature: Map shape resembles Nepal's outline

• Additional: "District of Suspension Bridges"

• Bridges: Famous for numerous suspension bridges over Kali Gandaki tributaries

• Tourism: Popular for trekking and bridge tourism

SURKHET VALLEY ⛰️

• Topography: "12 Bandal 18 Khandal"

• Translation: 12 ridges and 18 valleys

• Geography: Bowl-shaped valley with multiple sub-valleys

• Agriculture: Fertile valley for crops

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📊 COMPARATIVE TABLE: EXTREME FEATURES

Category	District	Feature	Measurement/Count
Altitude (HQ)	Humla	Highest HQ	2,950m
Altitude (HQ)	Mahottari	Lowest HQ	61m
Airports	Solukhumbu	Most Airports	4 airports
Water Bodies	Rukum	Ponds & Lakes	52 ponds, 53 lakes
Highway	Parsa	No Mahendra Highway	Only Terai district
Valley Depth	Sankhuwasabha	Deepest Valley	Arun Valley
Shape	Baglung	Nepal-shaped	Geographical resemblance
Bridges	Baglung	Suspension Bridges	Most in Nepal

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🌍 GEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE EXPLAINED

🏔️ Arun Valley (Sankhuwasabha)

• Claim: World's deepest valley

• Depth: Approximately 5,000m from peak to river

• River: Arun River (trans-boundary)

• Significance: Major Himalayan valley, biodiversity hotspot

🛣️ Mahendra Highway & Parsa

• Mahendra Highway: East-West highway (1,024 km)

• Parsa District: Only Terai district not touched by this highway

• Reason: Geographical positioning bypasses Parsa

• Alternative: Connected via other roads

✈️ Solukhumbu Airports

1. Tenzing-Hillary Airport (Lukla)

2. Phaplu Airport

3. Syangboche Airport

4. Shivalaya Airport

• Purpose: Tourism, trekking access, remote connectivity

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🏆 MORE DISTRICT NICKNAMES & FEATURES

District	Common Nickname	Reason
Ilam	"Tea Garden of Nepal"	Major tea production
Dhankuta	"Orange Capital"	Famous for oranges
Mustang	"Forbidden Kingdom"	Restricted until 1992
Dolpa	"Hidden Valley"	Remote, preserved culture
Rupandehi	"Birthplace of Peace"	Lumbini (Buddha's birthplace)
Kavrepalanchok	"Panch Pokhari District"	Five famous lakes
Sindhuli	"10-Border District"	Borders 10 other districts
Taplejung	"3-Country View District"	Views of Nepal, India, China

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🎯 QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

BY CATEGORY:

🌊 Water Bodies:

• Kaski: 7 Lakes

• Rasuwa: 7 Kundas

• Rukum: 52 Ponds + 53 Lakes

• Kathmandu: 7 Ponds

🚁 Infrastructure:

• Solukhumbu: Most Airports (4)

• Parsa: No Mahendra Highway

• Baglung: Most Suspension Bridges

📏 Measurements:

• Humla: Highest HQ

• Mahottari: Lowest HQ

• Sankhuwasabha: Deepest Valley

🗺️ Shape & Borders:

• Baglung: Nepal-shaped

• Sindhuli: 10 bordering districts

• Taplejung/Darchula: Border 2 countries

🌾 Agriculture:

• Chitwan: Egg Basket

• Ilam: Tea Garden

• Dhankuta: Orange Capital

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📋 MEMORABLE MNEMONICS

"High & Low" → Humla (High), Mahottari (Low)
"Seven Wonders" → Kathmandu (7 Ponds), Kaski (7 Lakes), Rasuwa (7 Kundas)
"Air Superiority" → Solukhumbu (4 Airports)
"Valley King" → Sankhuwasabha (Deepest Valley)
"Road Less Traveled" → Parsa (No Highway)
"Bridge Master" → Baglung (Suspension Bridges)
"New Lands" → Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur (Naya Muluk)

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🗺️ VISUAL DISTRICT FEATURE MAP

NEPAL'S UNIQUE DISTRICTS AT A GLANCE:

NORTH: 
Humla 🏔️ (Highest HQ)
Mustang/Manang 🏔️ (Beyond Mountains)

EAST: 
Sankhuwasabha 🏞️ (Deepest Valley)
Ilam 🍃 (Tea Gardens)

CENTRAL: 
Kathmandu 💧 (7 Ponds)
Baglung 🗺️ (Nepal-shaped)
Chitwan 🥚 (Egg Basket)

WEST: 
Rukum 🌊 (52 Ponds, 53 Lakes)
Surkhet ⛰️ (12 Ridges, 18 Valleys)

FAR-WEST: 
Naya Muluk 🆕 (Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur)

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