1.1.3 National Parks, Wildlife & Hunting Reserve, Conservation Area

Here is a well-structured and detailed summary of the information provided in the document about Nepal's protected areas, wildlife, wetlands, protected species, and demography:

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🌿 Protected Areas of Nepal

Nepal has a well-established network of protected areas covering 23.39% of the country’s total land area, extending from the Terai lowlands to the high Himalayas. The system includes:

• 12 National Parks

• 1 Wildlife Reserve

• 1 Hunting Reserve

• 6 Conservation Areas

• 13 Buffer Zones

These areas support in-situ conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity and are internationally recognized.

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🏞️ National Parks

S.N.	Name	Established (B.S.)	Location (Districts)	Area (km²)	Key Wildlife & Notes
1	Chitwan National Park	2030	Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Nawalparasi	952.63	One-horned rhino, tiger, leopard, gharial, dolphin; first national park
2	Langtang National Park	2032	Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk	1710	Red Panda, musk deer, Himalayan serow; high biodiversity
3	Sagarmatha National Park	2032	Solukhumbu	1148	Snow leopard, Himalayan tahr; highest altitude national park
4	Rara National Park	2032	Mugu, Jumla	106	Himalayan bear, serow, Goral; smallest national park
5	Bardiya National Park	2032	Bardiya	968	Tiger, elephant, rhino, black buck
6	She-Phoksundo National Park	2040	Dolpa, Mugu	3555	Snow leopard, wild yak, Tibetan donkey; largest national park
7	Khaptad National Park	2042	Bajhang, Bajura, Doti, Achham	225	Barking deer, leopard cat, Himalayan Goral
8	Makalu Barun National Park	2048	Sankhuwasabha, Solukhumbu	1500	Himalayan black bear, rare vegetation
9	Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park	2058	Kathmandu, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk, Dhading	159	Clouded leopard, Assamese macaque, pangolin
10	Banke National Park	2067	Banke, Salyan, Dang	550	Tiger, hyena, four-horned deer
11	Shuklaphanta National Park	2031	Kanchanpur	305	Rhino, tiger, elephant; upgraded from wildlife reserve in 2073 B.S.
12	Parsa National Park	2040	Chitwan, Makwanpur, Bara, Parsa	627.39	Rhino, tiger, hyena, pangolin; upgraded in 2074 B.S.

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🎯 Hunting Reserve

S.N.	Name	Established (B.S.)	Area (km²)	Location	Key Wildlife
1	Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve	2044	1325	Rukum, Baglung, Myagdi	Blue sheep, snow leopard, Himalayan serow

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🌳 Conservation Areas

S.N.	Name	Established (B.S.)	Area (km²)	Location (Districts)	Key Features
1	Annapurna	2049	7629	Lamjung, Manang, Mustang, Myagdi, Kaski	Conservation of Himalayan wildlife, vegetation, cultural heritage
2	Kanchanjunga	2054	2035	Taplejung	Snow leopard, red panda, grey bear
3	Manaslu	2055	1663	Gorkha	Snow leopard, musk deer, blue sheep
4	Krishnasar	2065	16.95	Bardiya	Black buck, hyena, python
5	Gaurishankar	2066	2179	Ramechhap, Dolakha, Sindhupalchowk	Snow leopard, tragopan, lophophorus
6	Api-Nampa	2067	1903	Darchula	Snow leopard, Himalayan Goral, spikenard

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🛡️ Buffer Zones

S.N.	Protected Area	Year Declared (B.S.)	Area (km²)
1	Chitwan National Park	2053	729.37
2	Langtang National Park	2055	420
3	Sagarmatha National Park	2058	275
4	Rara National Park	2063	198
5	Bardiya National Park	2053	507
6	She-Phoksundo National Park	2055	1349
7	Khaptad National Park	2063	225
8	Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park	2072	118.61
9	Banke National Park	2067	343
10	Makalu Barun National Park	2055	830
11	Shuklaphanta National Park	2061	243.5
12	Parsa National Park	2062	285.3
13	Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve	2061	173

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🐘 Wildlife Reserve

S.N.	Name	Established (B.S.)	Area (km²)	Location	Key Wildlife
1	Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve	2032	175	Sunsari	Wild buffalo, gharial, mugger crocodile, Gangetic dolphin

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💧 Wetlands (Ramsar Sites)

S.N.	Name	Area (Ha.)	Listed (A.D.)	Managing Authority
1	Koshi Tappu	17500	1987	Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
2	Bishajari & surrounding lakes	3200	2003	Chitwan National Park
3	Ghodaghodi Lake area	2563	2003	District Forest Office, Kailali
4	Jagadishpur Pond	225	2003	District Forest Office, Kapilvastu
5	Rara Lake	1583	2007	Rara National Park
6	Shey-Phoksundo	494	2007	She-Phoksundo National Park
7	Gosaikunda & surrounding lakes	1030	2007	Langtang National Park
8	Gokyo & surrounding lakes	7770	2007	Sagarmatha National Park
9	Maipokhari	90	2008	District Forest Office, Ilam
10	Pokhara Valley Lakes Cluster	26106	2016	District Forest Office, Pokhara

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🦌 Protected Species

Category	Species (Examples)
Mammals (26)	Red Panda, Snow Leopard, Bengal Tiger, One-horned Rhino, Elephant, Himalayan Black Bear, Wild Yak, Pangolin, etc.
Birds (9)	Black Stork, Sarus Crane, Himalayan Monal, Satyr Tragopan, Great Hornbill, etc.
Reptiles (3)	Indian Python, Gharial, Yellow Monitor Lizard

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📊 Demography of Nepal

• First modern census: 1952/54 AD

• First computerized census: 1971 (using IBM 1401)

• 11th census: 2068 B.S. (2011 AD) – growth rate 1.35%

• Census Day: 8th of Ashadh

• 12th census: 2021 AD (ongoing)

• Conducted by: National Statistics Office (formerly Central Bureau of Statistics)

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