1.5 Notable Events and Personalities, Socio-cultural and Economic Conditions in Modern History of Ne
🏛️ 1.5 Notable Events and Personalities, Socio-cultural and Economic Conditions in Modern History of Nepal
📜 Modern Period
The political history of modern Nepal starts from 1825 BS (1768 AD).
👑 Shah Dynasty
Kulmandan received the title "Shah" from the emperor of Delhi.
Yashobrahma Shah (youngest son) became king of Lamjung.
Drabya Shah (Yashobrahma's youngest son) conquered Gorkha and established the Gorkha state.
Initially, the Khadkas ruled Gorkha.
Gorkha became a royal dynasty after Drabya Shah ascended the throne in 1616 BS (1559 AD).
👑 Kings of Gorkha State Before Prithvi Narayan Shah
1
Drabya Shah
1616–1627
2
Purandar Shah
1627–1662
3
Chhatra Shah
1662–1663
4
Ram Shah
1663–1690
5
Dambar Shah
1690–1702
6
Krishna Shah
1702–1718
7
Rudra Shah
1718–1730
8
Prithvipati Shah
1730–1773
9
Narabhupal Shah
1773–1799
👑 Kings of Shah Dynasty After Unification of Nepal
1
Prithvi Narayan Shah
1799–1831
2
Pratap Singh Shah
1831–1834
3
Rana Bahadur Shah
1834–1855
4
Girbanyuddha Bikram Shah
1855–1873
5
Rajendra Bikram Shah
1873–1904
6
Surendra Bikram Shah
1904–1938
7
Prince Trailokya Bir Bikram Shah
Died as prince
8
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
1938–1968
9
Tribhuwan Bir Bikram Shahadev
1968–2011
10
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shahadev
2011–2028
11
Birendra Bir Bikram Shahadev
2028–2058
12
Dipendra Bir Bikram Shahadev
3 days (in coma)
13
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shahadev
2058/02/22–2065/02/15
🦁 Prithvi Narayan Shah
Eldest son of Narabhupal Shah, King of Gorkha.
Born: 27th Push, 1779 in Gorkha.
Married at 14 to Indra Kumari (daughter of Hemkarna Sen, King of Makwanpur) in 1793 BS.
Second wife: Narendra Laxmi (daughter of Ahiman Singh, Rajput chief of Benaras) in 1797 BS.
Had Miteri (friendship) with Bimarsingh Malla, son of King Ranjit Malla of Bhaktapur.
Ascended throne at age 20 in 1799 BS.
Started eastern campaign for unification on August 25, 1772.
Extended Gorkha territory from Mechi (East) to Marsyangdi (West).
Died at age 52 in Devighat, Nuwakot on 1st Magh, 1831 BS.
Described Nepal as "a garden of 4 castes and 36 sub-castes".
Known as the founder of modern Nepal.
🌍 Prithvi Narayan Shah and Unification Campaign
Before unification, Nepal was divided into:
22 states in Karnali Region (Baise Rajya)
24 states in Gandaki Region (Chaubise Rajya)
3 Malla Kingdoms in Kathmandu Valley: Kantipur, Patan, Bhadgaun
Sen Kingdoms in Koshi Region (East)
British East India Company was expanding into India and planning to occupy Nepal and trade with Tibet.
⚔️ Major Unification Campaigns
Drabya Shah
1616 BS
Establishment of Gorkha state
N/A
Prithvi Narayan Shah
1800 BS
First invasion of Nuwakot
Biraj Thapa Magar, Gaueshwor Panta
1801 BS
Second invasion of Nuwakot (victory)
Kalu Pandey, Jayant Rana
Jestha 19, 1814
First invasion of Kirtipur
Kalu Pandey (died), Jeevan Thapa, Lata Khatri
Bhadra 09, 1819
Victory over Makwanpur
Bansa Raj Pandey, Kehsar Singh Basnet
Ashwin 04, 1821 BS
Second invasion of Kirtipur
Surpratap Shah, Daljeet Shah
Chaitra 03, 1822 BS
Third invasion of Kirtipur (victory)
Bansaraj Pandey
1825 BS (Indrajatra)
Victory over Kathmandu
1825 BS
Victory over Lalitpur
Tularam Pandey, Ramkrishna Kunwar
1826 BS
Victory over Bhaktapur
Surpratap Shah, Bansaraj Pandey
1830 BS
Conquest of Chaudandi (East)
Abhiman Singh Basnet, Parath Bhandari
1831 BS
Victory over Bijaypur
Abhiman Singh Basnet, Pathath Bhandari
⚔️ Continued Unification Under Successors
Pratap Singh Shah
1777
Kabilaspur, Someshwor Gadh
Swarup Singh Karki, Aviyan Singh Basnet
Rajendra Laxmi
1782
Lamjung, Tanahun
Bhadra Shah, Damodhar Pandey, Amar Singh Thapa, Bansaraj Pandey, Naru Shah
1784
Parvat
1785
Kaski
1785
Garahun, Satahun, Rising, Bhirkot, Paiyu, Charikot, Dhor
Bahadur Shah
1786
Gulmi, Argha, Khanchi, Dhurkot, Isma, Musikot, Galkot, Python, Dang
Amar Singh Thapa, Paras Shah, Jognarayan Malla, Shiva N. Khatri, Prabal Rana, Shyam Narayan Chettri, Ranabir Singh, Ranajit Pandey, Surbir Thapa, Naru Shah
1789
Dullu, Dailekh, Jumla, Humla, Achham, Doti, Narikot
1790–1791
Kumau, Gadhawal
Rana Bahadur Shah
1804
Amar Singh Thapa, Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa, Bhakti Thapa, Hastidal Shah, Nayansingh Shah
Junga Bahadur Rana
1860
Reclaimed "New Country": Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur from British
👑 Pratap Singh Shah
Eldest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
Born: 1751 AD.
Ruled: 1775–1777 AD (died naturally).
Did not participate in unification; his brother continued.
His 2-year-old son Rana Bahadur Shah succeeded him.
Treaty of Commerce signed with Tibet in 1832 BS during his reign.
👑 Rana Bahadur Shah
Born: 1775 AD.
Ascended throne at age 2.
Regencies: Mother Queen Rajendra Laxmi (died 1785), then uncle Bahadur Shah.
Later imprisoned his uncle.
Extended Nepal to Garhwal and Kumaon (now India).
Renounced throne in 1799 to become ascetic.
Returned with Bhimsen Thapa, Bal Narsingh Kunwar.
Stabbed to death in 1806 by stepbrother Sher Bahadur Shah.
👑 Girbanyuddha Bikram Shah Dev
Born: 1797 AD.
Ascended throne at age 1.5 in 1799.
Regencies: Queen Kantimati and Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa.
Died at age 19 in 1816.
First to receive title "Bikram".
During his reign:
Anglo-Nepal War (Nepal-British East India Company)
Treaty of Sugauli (territorial loss for Nepal)
⚔️ Anglo-Nepal War and Nepalese Bravery
Khalanga (Nalapani)
Balabhadra Kunwar
Major-General Gillespie, Colonel Maubi
1871
Malaun Ramgadh
Amar Singh Thapa
Sir David Ochterlony
1872
Deuthal
Bhakti Thapa
Sir David Ochterlony
1872
⚔️ Nepalese Warriors Lost in Unification
Bhim Singh Thapa
Palanchowk
Parshuram Thapa
Samanpur
Bhakti Thapa
Deuthal
Kaji Nayan Singh Thapa
Almoda
Kalu Pandey, Jeevan Thapa, Lata Khatri
Kirtipur (1814 BS)
Sardar Gandharva Rana
Kangada
Tularam Pandey
Kantipur
Hastilal Shah
Almoda
Shivaram Singh Basnet
Shangachowk (Chhaling)
Bhaskar Rana
Digarcha, Tibet
Jayakrishna Kunwar
Timal
Damodar Pandey
Lumadisthan
📜 Historical Treaties and Agreements
Treaty of Sugauli
March 4, 1816 AD
Nepal & British East India Company
9
Parish Bradshaw, Guru Gajaraj Mishra
Treaty of Kerung
Jestha 1846 (June 2, 1789 AD)
Nepal & Tibet (China)
5
Tesu Lama (Tibet), Bom Shah (Nepal)
Treaty of Betrawati
6th Bhadra, 1849 BS
Nepal & China
7
Devidutta Thapa
👑 Surendra Bikram Shah
Born: 1829 AD.
Became king after Jung Bahadur Rana forced his father Rajendra Bikram Shah to renounce throne.
Country mostly ruled by Jung Bahadur Rana.
First use of "Nepal Sarkar".
Died: 1881 AD.
👑 Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
Born: 1875 AD.
Succeeded grandfather in 1881.
Introduced first automobiles in Nepal.
Created strict water and sanitation systems.
Eldest child: Princess Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah (married Field Marshal Kaiser SJB Rana).
Died: 1911 AD.
👑 Tribhuwan Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Born: 1906 AD.
Called "Father of the Nation".
Played key role in establishing democracy.
Ended Rana regime (century-long).
Only king to team up with multiple PMs:
Chandra Shamsher
Bhim Shamsher
Judda Samsher
Padma Shamsher
Mohan Shamsher
Matrika Prasad Koirala
First king to visit Europe.
Makaiko Kheti Massacre occurred in 1997 BS during his reign.
👑 Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Born: 1920 AD.
Ascended throne in 1955.
Suspended constitution, dissolved parliament, imposed Panchayat system.
Constructed East-West Highway (Mahendra Highway).
Divided Nepal into 14 zones, 75 districts (Baisakh 01, 2018 BS).
Promulgated Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS.
Muluki Ain announced.
Established Nepal Cultural Council.
Nepal joined Universal Postal Union (26th Aswin, 2013 BS).
Radio Nepal established (20th Chaitra, 2007 BS).
Supreme Court established.
Telephone and Telegram services started.
Tribhuvan University established (2016 BS).
Birta Abolition Act enforced (Poush, 2016 BS).
Died of heart attack in 1972.
👑 Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Born: 1945 AD.
Succeeded father in 1972.
Reestablished democracy, abolished Panchayat.
Proposed Nepal as a Zone of Peace (ZoP) in 1975.
Divided country into 5 development regions (Ashwin 26, 2037 BS).
Died in Royal Massacre (Jestha 19, 2058) along with family.
Son Dipendra killed family and himself.
👑 Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Born: June 27, 1971.
Crown Prince; king for 3 days (in coma).
Masterminded Royal Massacre of 2001.
Declared king: June 1, 2001.
Died: June 4, 2001.
👑 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Last ruling Shah king.
Born: 1947 AD.
Succeeded nephew Dipendra.
Overthrown in 2008 after attempting absolute monarchy in 2006.
Lives in Maharajgunj; son Paras lives abroad.
🏛️ The Period of Rana Regime
Junga Bahadur Kunwar (son of Balnarsingh Kunwar) took power after Kot Parwa.
After Bhandarkhal Parwa and Alau Parwa, he became powerful.
Received title "Shree 3 of Lamjung and Tanahun".
Laid foundation of Rana Regime.
📜 Rana Prime Ministers and Their Contributions
🎩 Junga Bahadur Rana (1904–1933 BS)
Made PM by Queen Rajya Laxmi after Kot Massacre.
Youngest PM (age 29).
Issued Muluki Aein (National Code) in 1910 BS.
Established Durbar High School (1910 BS).
Acquired new land.
First PM to visit Europe (1850 AD).
Died: Magh 31, 1933 in Pattharghatta, Rautahat.
🎩 Ranoddip Singh (1933–1942 BS)
Published first calendar.
New system of land revenue collection.
Murdered in 1942 BS (42 Salko Parva) by son of Dhir Shamser.
🎩 Bir Shamser (1942–1957 BS)
Built Bir Dhara (drinking water spouts) in Bhaktapur/Kathmandu.
Built bridges.
Established Bir Hospital (1974 BS), Bir Library, Ghantagar (clock tower).
Divided country into 12 Terai districts, 23 hill districts (1950 BS).
First entitled "JBR".
Introduced women's education.
🎩 Dev Shamser (1957–1958 BS)
PM for shortest period.
Fixed office hours: 10 AM–5 PM.
Arranged government holidays.
Established schools.
Started Gorkhapatra publication.
Opened 100+ schools.
🎩 Chandra Shamser (1958–1986 BS)
Fiste Maharaj.
Abolished Sati Pratha.
Liberated slaves.
Introduced electricity (1968 BS).
Abolished slavery: 14th Mangsir, 1981 BS.
Established Tri-Chandra College.
Formed Gorkha Language Publication Committee.
Developed railway.
Constructed map of Nepal.
Built Pharping Hydroelectricity Project.
Dug Chandra Nahar (canal from Trijuga River, Saptari).
Used Khadga Nishan Chhap (sword seal) in 1974 BS.
Established Sresta School for employee training.
Started Census System (1968 BS).
Ended Sati (1977 BS) and Slavery (1981 BS).
PM during World War I.
Makaiko Kheti in 1977 BS.
Established Military Hospital.
🎩 Bhim Shamser (1986–1989 BS)
Removed customs on salt and cotton.
Encouraged cotton cultivation.
Office hours: 10 AM–4 PM.
Saturday as public holiday.
Established Ukhada Janch Commission.
Established Charkhal Adda (Push 27, 1986).
🎩 Juddha Shamser (1989–2002 BS)
Rajarshi Maharaj.
Established Nepal Bank (Kartik 7, 1994 BS).
Established High Court, Fire Brigade, Museum, Central Zoo.
Introduced SLC Examination Board (1990 BS).
Introduced pension system for army/civil servants.
Established Takasar Adda (coin mint).
Established Property Fund (Drabyakosh).
PM during World War II.
Established:
Biratnagar Jute Mill
Juddha Match Factory
Agriculture School
First Nepali cloth industry
Cottage industry
Skills Development Office
Exported raw materials to Europe via Kolkata.
Trade surplus.
Introduced Rs. 100, Rs. 10, Rs. 5 notes.
🎩 Padma Shamsher (2002–2005 BS)
Promulgated first constitution.
Established Kathmandu Municipality.
Called "Father of School".
Encouraged women's education.
Opened girls' schools.
Declared Sanskrit as mother tongue.
Only PM to participate in WWI & WWII.
🎩 Mohan Shamsher (2005–2008 BS)
First PM after democracy declaration.
Signed Treaty of Peace and Friendship with India (July 29, 1950).
Established wireless communication, Mohan Aakashvani.
🏛️ Rana Period Official Hierarchy (Descending)
Prime Minister
Minister
Director General
Badakaji
Kaji
Sardar
Mirsubba
Subba
Nayab Subba
Kharidar
Dittha
Mukhiya
Nayab Mukhiya
Righter
Nayab Righter
Bahidar
⚔️ Martyrs of Nepal
🎖️ First Martyr: Lakhan Thapa Magar (1835–1877)
Revolutionary against Rana rule.
Declared "First Martyr of Nepal".
King of Bungkot; rebelled against Jung Bahadur Rana.
🎖️ Tanka Prasad Acharya
Sentenced to death but not executed (Brahmin).
Called "living martyr".
🎖️ Shukra Raj Shastri
First to use "Jay Nepal".
🎖️ First Martyr of People’s Movement 2062/63: Bhimsen Dahal
🎖️ Colonel Amar Bikram Shah
Son of PM Chautariya Pushkar Shah.
Sentenced to death in Teku for attempted coup (1882).
🎖️ Four Martyrs of Nepal
1
Shukra Raj Shastri
1950
Hanged on Magh 10, 1997 on false charges.
2
Dasharath Chand
1960
Shot dead on Magh 14, 1997 by Shobha Bagawati.
3
Dharmabhakta
1966
Hanged by Ranas.
4
Gangalal Shrestha
1975
Arrested Kartik 02, 1997; shot on Magh 14, 1997.
🔪 Massacres in Nepal
Kot Massacre
Ashwin 02, 1903
Palace Armory (Kot), Kathmandu
55
Established Jung Bahadur's dictatorship.
Bhandarkhal Massacre
Kartik, 1903
Bhandarkhal, Kathmandu
23
Eliminated opposition; exiled Queen Rajya Laxmi.
Alau Massacre
1904
Alau, Birgunj
50
Imprisoned King Rajendra; recognized Surendra as king.
Massacre of 1882
1938
Kathmandu
20
Eliminated opposition to Ranodip Singh and Dhir Shumsher.
Massacre of "42" Salko Parva
1942
Kathmandu
23
Murdered PM Ranodip Singh; Shumsher Ranas took power.
Makaiko Kheti Parva
1977
Kathmandu
-
Krishna Lal Adhikari imprisoned for 9 years for writing "Makai Ko Kheti".
Library Parva
1987
Kathmandu
-
Youths campaigned for library; info leaked by Ram Chandra Adhikari.
🏛️ Administrative Positions of Shah Period
Kaji
Head of department/regional head
Chautariya
Regional/central head of army
Khajanchi
Head of government treasury
Minister
Executive head to counsel king
Sardar
Head of auditor hospital
Kapardar
Manager of royal clothes/ornaments
Mirmunsi
Diplomat for foreign relations
Chobdar
Watchman/guard
Wokil
King’s representative in neighboring country
Subba
Head of district civil servants
Dware
Guard at government office
🏛️ Important Departments/Offices in Shah & Rana Period
Khadga Nishana Adda
Chandra Shamsher
Secretariat of Prime Minister
Munsikhana
Bhimsen Thapa
Foreign affairs office
Kumari Chowk
Prithvi Narayan Shah
Auditing and control
Jungi Bandobasti Adda
Junga Bahadur Rana
Military administration
Kamandari Kitabkhana
Junga Bahadur Rana
Record of government employees
Bintipatra Niksari Adda
Chandra Shamsher
Justice-related tasks
Muluki Bandobasti Adda
-
General administration
Kandel Chowk
Junga Bahadur Rana
Ornament management
Kausi Tosha Khana
-
Salary/pension distribution
Jaisi Kotha
King Surendra
Diplomatic notes for China/Tibet
Dharma Kachahari
Junga Bahadur Rana
Anti-corruption, abuse of authority
📜 Prime Ministers of Nepal
🏛️ Before & During Rana Regime
Bhimsen Thapa – 1863–1894
Ranganath Poudel – 1894–1895
Puskar Shah – 1895–1896
Ranajung Pandey – 1896–1897
Phattejung Shah – 1897–1900, 1902–1903
Mathbarsingh Thapa – 1900–1902
Junga Bahadur Rana – 1903–1913, 1914–1933
Bom Bahadur Rana – 1913–1914
Ranoddip Singh – 1933–1942
Bir Shamser – 1942–1957
Dev Shamsher – 1957–1958
Chandra Shamsher – 1958–1986
Bhim Shamsher – 1986–1989
Juddha Shamsher – 1989–2002
Padma Shamsher – 2002–2005
Mohan Shamsher – 2005–2008
🏛️ Prime Ministers After Democracy (2008 BS onward)
Matrika Prasad Koirala – 2008–2009, 2010–2011
Tanka Prasad Acharya – 2012–2014
Dr. K. I. Singh – 2014
Shubarna Samsher – 2015–2016
Bisweshwor Prasad Koirala – 2016–2017
Dr. Tulasi Giri – 2019–2021, 2032–2034
Surya Bahadur Thapa – 2021–2023, 2023–2025, 2036–2040, 2054, 2060–2061
Kirtinidhi Bista – 2025–2026, 2028–2030, 2034–2036
Nagendra Prasad Rijal – 2030–2032, 2042
Lokendra Bahadur Chand – 2040–2042, 2046–2047, 2053–2054, 2059–2060
Marichman Singh Shrestha – 2043–2046
🏛️ Prime Ministers After Restoration of Democracy (2047 BS onward)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai – 2047–2048, 2056
Girija Prasad Koirala – 2048–2051, 2054–2055, 2055–2056, 2056–2058, 2063–2065
Manamohan Adhikari – 2051–2052
Sher Bahadur Deuba – 2052–2053, 2058–2059, 2061, 2074–2074, 2078–2079
Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) – 2065–2066, 2073–2074, 2079–present
Madhav Kumar Nepal – 2066–2067
Jhala Nath Khanal – 2067–2068
Dr. Baburam Bhattarai – 2068–2069
Khila Raj Regmi – 2069–2070
Sushil Koirala – 2070–2072
K. P. Sharma Oli – 2072–2073, 2074–2078
🏰 First & Last Kings of Dynasties/States
Surya dynasty
Bhumi Verma
Bijay Kamdev
Kirant dynasty
Yalamber
Gasti
Lichhavi dynasty
Jaya Dev
Jaya Kamdev
Som dynasty
Nimish
Bhaskar Verma
Khas/Sinja
Naag Raj
Avaya Malla
Shakya dynasty
Okkamukh
Suddodana
Malla dynasty
Ari Dev Malla
Yakshya Malla (unified), Jaya Prakash Malla (Kantipur), Tej Narsingh Malla (Patan), Ranjit Malla (Bhaktpur)
Abhir/Ahir
Bar Singh
Bhuwan Singh
Entitled Shah
Kul Mandan Khan
-
Shah dynasty
Yasobramha Shah
Gyanendra Shah
Thakuri dynasty
Bhasker Dev
Shanker Dev
Gorkha
Drabya Shah
Prithvi Narayan Shah
Kaski
Kulmandan Khan
Siddi Narayan Shah
Makwanpur
Lohan Sen
Digbanhan Sen
Karnatak State (Simraungadh)
Nanyadev
Harsingh Dev
Chaudandi
Jagat Sen
Karna Sen
Palpa
Rudra Sen
Prithvi Pal Sen
Tanahun
Bhiring Sen
Harkumar Dutta Sen
Jumla
Bali
Suryabhan Shah
🏰 Founder Kings of States
Gorkha
1616
Drabya Shah
1799
Kantipur
1537
Ratna Mall
1825
Bhaktpur
1537
Raya Malla
1826
Patan
1537
Rana Malla
1825
Palpa
1550
Rudra Sen
1861
Dailekh
1453
Sansar Verma
1846
Tanahun
1610
Bhiringi Sen
1841
Bajhang
1503
Shakti Singh
1847
Kaski
1524
Bichitra Khan
1842
Chaudandi
1764
Jagat Sen
1830
Simraungarh
1154
Nanyadev
1324
Khas/Sinja
1207
Naagraj
1433
Makwanpur
1610
Lohan Sen
1819
Vijayapur
1762
Bidhata Indra Sen
1831
🎉 Traditions (Jatra) and Founders
Indra Jatra, Lakhe Jatra, Krishna Jatra
Gunakamdev
Ghodet Jatra, Kumari chariot
Jaya Prakash Malla
Bisket (Biska) Jatra
Jagajhoti Malla
Seto Machhindranath Jatra, Gai Jatra
Pratap Malla
Rato Machhindra Jatra/Bhoto Jatra
Narendra Dev
🏛️ Historical Constructions and Contributors
Pasupatinath Temple
Prachanda Dev
Bull in front of Pasupatinath
Jagatjunj Rana
Pasupati Dewal
King Supuspa
Dattatreya Temple
Yakshya Mall
Nyatpol Dewal, 55-windowed Palace, Bhairav Temple
Bhupitindra Malla
Kailashkut Bhawan
Anshu Verma
Taleju Bhavani
Mahindra Malla
Rani Mahal, Palpa
Khaga Shamsher
Janaki Temple, Janakpur
Brish Bhanu Kumari Devi
Hanumandhoka Durbar, Guheshwori Temple, Ranipokhari
Pratap Malla
Managriha, Manbir, Changunarayan Temple, Palanchowk Bhagawati, Changunarayan idol
King Mandev
Golden Door of Hanumandhoka
Girwanyudda Bikram Shah
21 taps of Balaju
Jaya Prakash Malla
22nd tap of Balaju, Jagannath Temple, Big bell in Taleju
Rana Bahadur Shah
Establishment of Lalitpur
Birdev
Establishment of Bhaktpur
Anandev
Establishment of Kathmandu
Gunakamdev
📜 Political Evolution (2007 BS to Present)
The political history of modern Nepal starts from the movement against the Rana regime.
The Nepali Congress conference in Bairgania, India (7–8 Ashwin 2007 BS) decided to start an armed struggle to end the Rana regime and establish democracy.
Armed struggle began under Matrika Prasad Koirala.
King Tribhuvan returned to Nepal on Falgun 4, 2007 BS, and democracy was established by royal proclamation on Falgun 7, 2007 BS.
🗡️ Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement
Major Events:
Bairganiya Conference (11–12 Ashwin 2007 BS): Decided to launch armed revolution.
Movement declared on 21 Kartik 2007 BS; King Tribhuvan left the palace for the Indian embassy.
On 23 Kartik 2007 BS, King Tribhuvan went to Delhi by Indian Air Force helicopter.
Liberation army captured eastern hilly regions including Biratnagar.
Thirbam Malla and Puran Singh led the revolution in Birgunj; Thirbam Malla martyred.
Dr. Kunwar Indrajit Singh led in western parts, succeeded in Bhairahawa.
Suvarna Shumsher and B.P. Koirala handled eastern fronts.
Many districts captured by People's Liberation Army.
Delhi Agreement signed on 1 Falgun 2007 BS (12 Feb 1951 AD) between Ranas, King Tribhuvan, and Nepali Congress.
End of 104-year Rana rule; Democracy Day observed on 7 Falgun.
🏛️ Interim Cabinet after Delhi Agreement (2007 BS)
From Rana Side
1. Mohan Shumsher
Prime Minister
2. Babar Shumsher
Defense Minister
3. Chudaraj Shumsher
Forest Minister
4. Nripjung Rana
Education Minister
5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet
Health Minister
From Nepali Congress
6. B.P. Koirala
Home Minister
7. Suvarna Shumsher
Finance Minister
8. Ganesh Man Singh
Industry and Commerce Minister
9. Bhadrakali Mishra
Transport Minister
10. Bharatmani Sharma
Food and Agriculture Minister
This coalition lasted only 9 months, dissolved on Mangsir 21, 2008 BS.
📅 Timeline: 2007 BS to 2017 BS
17 Chaitra 2007
Cabinet passed Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007
25 Kartik 2008
All Nepali Congress cabinet members resigned
1 Mangsir 2008
Single-party govt of Nepali Congress formed (PM: Matrika Prasad Koirala)
30 Shrawan 2009
Advisory Government formed
2 Ashad 2010
Sole govt of Nepal Praja Party formed (PM: Matrika Prasad Koirala)
19 Falgun 2011
Multiparty Coalition Government dissolved
1 Baishakh 2012
Advisory Council formed (Direct Rule of King Mahendra)
12 Magh 2012
Advisory Council dissolved
13 Magh 2012
Govt of Praja Parishad formed (PM: Tanka Prasad Acharya)
31 Ashadh 2014
Govt of Praja Parishad dissolved
11 Shrawan 2014
Govt of Dr. K.I. Singh formed
29 Kartik 2014
Direct Rule of King Mahendra started
2 Jetha 2015
Interim Govt of Suvarna Shumsher formed
1 Falgun 2015
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal proclaimed
7 Falgun 2015
First general election of parliament held
13 Jetha 2016
First elected govt formed (PM: B.P. Koirala)
1 Poush 2017
First elected govt dissolved
📈 Socio-economic Achievements (2007–2017 BS)
Despite political instability:
Democratic system introduced.
Literacy rose from ~2% before democracy.
All forests nationalized in 2013 BS.
Civil Service Act implemented in 2013 BS.
🕰️ Timeline: 2046 BS to 2062 BS
6 Baishakh 2047
11-member interim govt formed (PM: Krishna Prasad Bhattarai)
16 Jetha 2047
Commission for Constitution Reform formed (Chair: Bishwanath Prasad Upadhyaya)
23 Kartik 2047
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 promulgated
29 Baishakh 2048
General election held; govt formed (PM: Girija Prasad Koirala)
2051
Mid-term election held
13 Mangsir 2051
Minority govt formed (PM: Manmohan Adhikari, CPN-UML)
25 Bhadra 2052
Coalition govt formed (PM: Sher Bahadur Deuba)
1 Falgun 2052
CPN (Maoist) started armed revolution
20 Baishakh & 3 Jetha 2056
Parliamentary election held
19 Jetha 2058
Royal massacre in Narayanhiti palace
19 Magh 2061
King Gyanendra took power
7 Mangsir 2062
12-point understanding signed in Delhi by 7-party alliance & CPN (Maoist)
24 Chaitra 2062
People's Movement launched
11 Baishakh 2063
House of Representatives reinstated; democracy restored
✊ The Second People's Movement 2062/63 BS
After 19 Magh 2061, King Gyanendra started direct rule.
Seven-party alliance formed against royal rule.
12-point accord signed in Delhi on 7 Mangsir 2062.
Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 5 Mangsir 2063.
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 promulgated on 1 Magh 2063.
Constituent Assembly election held on 28 Chaitra 2064 BS.
First meeting of Constituent Assembly on 15 Jetha 2065 BS declared Nepal a republic.
🗓️ Timeline: 2062/63 BS to Present
4 Jetha 2063
Historical Declaration of House of Representatives
5 Mangsir 2063
Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed
1 Magh 2063
Interim Constitution of Nepal promulgated
28 Chaitra 2064
Election of Constituent Assembly I
15 Jetha 2065
Nepal declared a Republic
6 Shrawan 2065
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav elected first President
31 Shrawan 2065
Pushpa Kamal Dahal elected first PM of Republic
11 Jetha 2066
New cabinet formed (PM: Madhav Kumar)
23 Magh 2067
Jhalanath Khanal govt formed
12 Bhadra 2068
Dr. Baburam Bhattarai govt formed
14 Jetha 2069
Constituent Assembly I dissolved
1 Chaitra 2069
Interim Election Council formed (Chair: CJ Khil Raj Regmi)
4 Mangsir 2070
Election of Constituent Assembly II
27 Magh 2070
Sushil Koirala govt formed
12 & 29 Baishakh 2072
Great earthquake
3 Ashwin 2072
Constitution of Nepal promulgated
24 Ashwin 2072
Govt formed (PM: K.P. Oli)
11 Kartik 2072
Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected President
19 Shrawan 2073
New cabinet (PM: Pushpa Kamal Dahal)
31 Baishakh 2074
First phase local election
23 Jestha 2074
Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM
14 Ashad 2074
Second phase local election
2 Ashwin 2074
Third phase local election
10 Mangsir 2074
First phase general election (35 districts)
21 Mangsir 2074
Second phase general election (42 districts)
24 Magh 2074
Election of National Assembly
3 Falgun 2074
K.P. Oli appointed 41st PM
29 Falgun 2074
Bidhya Devi Bhandari re-elected President
4 Chaitra 2074
Nanda Bahadur Pun re-elected Vice-President
9 Magh 2076
Election of National Assembly (one-third members)
12 Magh 2076
Agni Prasad Sapkota elected Speaker
4 Jestha 2077
Second amendment of Constitution
5 Jestha 2077
New Political Map of Nepal issued
5 Poush 2077
House of Representatives dissolved
11 Falgun 2077
Court reinstated House of Representatives
30 Baishak 2079
Local elections held
📜 Additional Historical Events (Modern Period)
Establishment of Gorkha state by Drabya Shah
1616 BS
Rule of Ram Shah (Gorkha)
1663–1690 BS
Rule of Pratap Malla
1698–1731 BS
Accession by Mahendra Malla
1617 BS
Establishment of Patan Krishnamandir
1693 BS
Rule of Bhupatindra Malla
1753–1779 BS
First invasion of Nuwakot by Prithvi Narayan Shah
1800 BS
Second invasion/victory of Nuwakot
1801 BS
First invasion of Kirtipur
1814 Jetha 19 BS
Victory over Makwanpur
1819 Bhadau 9 BS
Victory over Gurgin Khan's troops (Bengal)
1663 Jan 30 AD
Second invasion of Kirtipur
1821 Ashwin 4 BS
Third invasion/victory of Kirtipur
1822 Chaitra 3 BS
Victory over Kinlok's English troops
1824 BS
Victory over Kathmandu
1825 Bhadra Sukla (Indrajatra day)
Victory over Lalitpur
1825 BS
Victory over Bhaktapur
1826 BS Kartik Sukla Dwadashi
Death of Prithvi Narayan Shah
1831 BS
Trade treaty with Tibet
1775 Sep AD
Peace accord with Gadhwal
1791 AD
First Nepal–Tibet war
1788–1789 AD
Kerung treaty with Tibet
1789 Jun 2 AD
Second Nepal–Tibet war
1792 Oct AD
Trade treaty with East India Company
1849 Baishakh 3 BS
Publication of Gorkhapatra
1958 BS
Basathiharan/Birtaharan
1862 BS
Nepal–Britain War
1814–1816 AD
Treaty of Sugauli
1872 Phagun 24 BS (4 Mar 1816)
First British Ambassador (Edward Garner)
1816 May AD
Third Nepal–Tibet war
1855–1856 AD
Thapathali treaty with Tibet
1912 Chaitra BS
Kot Parwa
1903 Ashwin 2 BS
Bhandarkhal Parwa
1846 Oct 31 (1903 Kartik 17 BS)
Alau Parwa
1904 Baishakh BS
Title Shree 3 conferred to Junga Bahadur
1913 Shrawan BS
Return of Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur
1917 BS
Nepal's first National Code
Bhadra 1, 1910 BS
Abolition of Sati Pratha
1977 BS
Makai Parwa
1977 BS
Establishment of Tri-chandra College
1978 BS
Abolition of slavery
1981 BS
Banning of Arya Prachar
1987 BS
Library Parwa
1987 BS
Prachanda Gorkha Parwa
1988 BS
Establishment of Nepal Praja Parishad
1993 Jetha 20 BS
Establishment of All India Nepali Congress
2002 Magh 12 BS
Establishment of Nepali Democratic Congress
1949 AD
Jogwani Conference
2004 Jetha BS
First Labor Strike
2003 Phagun 11 BS
Jayatu Sanskritam Satyagraha
2004 Baishakh 1 BS
Declaration of legislative law of Nepal
2004 Magh 13 BS
Nepal Praja Panchayat
2005 Asoj BS
Establishment of Nepal Communist Party
2006 Bhadau 30 BS
Nepal–India friendship treaty
2007 Shrawan BS
Declaration of democracy
2007 Phagun 7 BS
Interim governance legislation
2007 Phagun 7 BS
First general election
2015 BS
Establishment of Panchayat System
2017 Poush 1 BS
Declaration of Constitution of Nepal
2019 Poush 1 BS
Back to the Village Program
2028 BS
Zone of Peace Proposition
2031 Phagun 13 BS
Declaration of referendum
2036 Jetha 10 BS
Referendum
2037 Baishakh 20 BS
Satyagraha (Passive Resistance)
2042 BS
Formation of United Leftist Front
2046 Magh 2 BS
Reinstatement of Multi-party system
2046 Chaitra 26 BS
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047
2047 Kartik 23 BS
Establishment of CPN (UML)
2047 Poush 22 BS
First general election after democracy
2048 Baishakh 29 BS
Mid-term election
2051 Kartik 29 BS
Beginning of armed insurgency by CPN Maoist
2052 Phagun 1 BS
General election, 2056
2056 Baishakh 2–3 BS
Royal massacre
2058 Jetha 19 BS
Royal Announcement by King Gyanendra
2061 Magh 19 BS
Comprehensive Peace Accord signed
2063 Mangsir 5 BS
Interim Constitution of Nepal promulgated
2063 Magh 1 BS
Election of Constituent Assembly
2064 Chaitra 28 BS
Declaration of Republic
2065 Jetha 15 BS
King Gyanendra left Narayanhiti palace
2065 Jetha 29 BS
Election of President and Vice-President
2065 Shrawan 6 BS
Oath of President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav
2065 Shrawan 8 BS
First republican govt formed (PM: Pushpa Kamal Dahal)
2065 Bhadra BS
Dissolution of first Constituent Assembly
2069 Jetha 14 BS
Interim Council of Ministers formed
2069 Chaitra 1 BS
Election of second Constituent Assembly
2070 Mangsir 4 BS
First meeting of second Constituent Assembly
2070 Magh 8 BS
18th SAARC Summit, Kathmandu
2071 Mangsir 11–12 BS
Formation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2071 Magh 26 BS
Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected President
2072 Kartik 13 BS
First amendment of Constitution
2072 Phagun 16 BS
Bidhya Devi Bhandari re-elected President
2074 Phagun 29 BS
New Political Map of Nepal issued
2077 Jestha 5
Second amendment of Constitution
2077 Ashadh 4
Ram Chandra Poudel elected President
2079 Phagun 25
🏆 National Heroes/Personalities/Luminaries of Nepal
Nepal has 18 national heroes (Rashtriya Bibhuti). First list prepared in 1955 by a commission headed by Bal Krishna Sama, appointed by King Mahendra.
1. Buddha (Gautam Buddha / Siddhartha Gautam)
Born: 563 BC, Lumbini
Founder of Buddhism
Attained enlightenment under Bodhi tree
Preached Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path
Known as Light of Asia
Died: Kushinagar, India
2. Anshubarma
King during Lichchhavi period
Promoted art, architecture, literature
Wrote Shabda Vidya
Built Kailashkut Palace
Strengthened Nepal–India relations
3. Janak
King of Videha, Mithila region
Foster-father of Sita
Ideal king, philosopher
Associated with Mithila art
Works: Satapatha Brahmana, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
4. Sita (Janaki)
Goddess of sacrifice, purity
Daughter of King Janak, wife of Lord Ram
Symbol of ideal womanhood
Found while ploughing field
5. Araniko
Renowned artist/architect from Kathmandu
Spread pagoda-style architecture in China
Built White Stupa of Miaoying Temple (Beijing)
Constructed many stupas, temples under Kublai Khan
6. Ram Shah
Great ruler of Gorkha
Known for justice ("Nyaya napae Gorkha janu")
Introduced standard measurements (mana, pathi, dhak, taraju)
Introduced criminal codes, titles (kaji, sardar, khardar)
7. Amar Singh Thapa
Bada Kaji (military general) during Anglo-Nepal War
Defended western Nepal
Known as "Living Lion of Nepal"
Committed suicide after Sugauli Treaty (1873 BS) in Gosaikunda
8. Prithvi Narayan Shah
Unifier of modern Nepal
First king of unified Nepal
Recognized British threat, closed borders
Campaign enabled Nepal to defend against British
9. Bhimsen Thapa
Leader during Anglo-Nepal War
Modernized Nepali army, promoted trade
Abolished bad social practices
Built first Dharahara
Socio-economic reforms
10. Balabhadra Kunwar
Commander during Anglo-Nepal War
Famous for defence of Nalapani fort
Bravery impressed British
Died in Afghanistan
11. Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
Aadi Kavi (First Poet) of Nepal
Born: 1814, Tanahu
Translated Ramayana into Nepali
Unified country linguistically and culturally
12. King Tribhuvan Shah
Born: June 30, 1906, Kathmandu
Played key role in overthrowing Rana regime
Declared end of Rana rule in Feb 1951
Became monarch of democratic Nepal
13. Motiram Bhatta
Yuwa Kabi (Young Poet)
Born: 1923, Kathmandu
Collected and published works of Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
Wrote biography of Bhanu Bhakta
14. Shankhadhar Sankhwa
Trader, philanthropist
Founded Nepal Sambat (lunar calendar)
Freed all debts of Kathmandu valley people
Declared national hero: Mangsir 2, 2056 BS
15. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa
First Nepali woman to climb Mount Everest
Reached summit: April 22, 1993
Died during descent due to weather
Declared national hero: Baishakh 10, 2059 BS
16. Mahaguru Phalgunanda
Saint, religious teacher of Kirat religion
Born: 1885, Ilam
Preached against animal sacrifice, alcohol; supported vegetarianism
Declared national hero: Mangsir 16, 2066 BS
17. Bhakti Thapa
Military commander during Anglo-Nepal War
Born: 1741, Lamjung
Defended western frontier; died in Battle of Deuthal (April 15, 1815)
Bravery recognized even by British
Declared national hero: Ashadh 14, 2078 BS
18. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh
King of Bajhang, humanist, writer, social activist
Born: 1934 BS, died: June 20, 1940 AD
Published Gorkhapatra (1901 AD)
Wrote Aksharanh Shiksha (first Nepali textbook)
Promoted education, Nepali language
Declared national hero: Ashadh 6, 2079 BS
Total National Heroes of Nepal: 18 🏆🇳🇵