4. Computer Programming

4. Computer Programming

• 4.1 Introduction to Programming

  • Tokens (keywords, identifiers, literals, operators)

  • Operators and their precedence

  • Formatted and unformatted input/output (I/O)

  • Overview of structured programming vs. object-oriented programming

  • Algorithm development and flowchart representation

  • Data types (primitive, derived), variables, declarations, and constants

  • Arithmetic, assignment, logical, and comparison operators

  • Basic input/output statements

• 4.2 Control Statements

  • Conditional statements: if, if-else, switch

  • Looping constructs: for, while, do-while

  • Loop control: break statement (and introduction to continue)

• 4.3 Functions

  • Defining and calling functions

  • Function prototypes

  • Argument passing mechanisms (call by value, call by reference)

  • Recursive functions

• 4.4 Pointers and Data Files

  • Pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing

  • Pointer arithmetic

  • Pointers and arrays

  • Dynamic memory allocation (new, delete in C++ / malloc, free in C)

  • Basic file operations (open, read, write, close)

• 4.5 Arrays and Structures

  • Arrays: definition, initialization, processing, passing arrays to functions, multidimensional arrays

  • Structures: declaration, initialization, accessing members, array of structures, pointers to structures

• 4.6 Features of Object-Oriented Programming

  • Inline functions

  • Function overloading

  • Classes and objects

  • Member functions and data members

  • Access specifiers (private, public) and object initialization (constructors)

  • Static data members and static member functions

  • Operator overloading

  • Basic concepts of inheritance and polymorphism