2. Fundamentals of Electronic Devices and Circuits

2. Fundamentals of Electronic Devices and Circuits

• 2.1 Semiconductor Diodes and Transistors

  • PN junction characteristics

  • Ideal and practical diodes, I-V characteristics

  • Diode biasing and configurations

  • Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers

  • Diode types

  • Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): PNP and NPN structures

  • BJT modes of operation

  • Basic amplifier concept

  • BJT configurations: Common-Base (CB), Common-Emitter (CE), Common-Collector (CC)

  • BJT characteristics and biasing

• 2.2 JFET and MOSFET

  • Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET): construction, operation, and characteristics

  • Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET): structure and operation

  • MOSFET types (Enhancement and Depletion)

  • MOSFET I-V characteristics

  • MOSFET applications as an amplifier and switch

  • MOSFET biasing techniques

  • Complementary MOS (CMOS) working principle

  • Applications of MOSFET and CMOS

• 2.3 Amplifiers and Signal Generators

  • Basics of amplification

  • Amplifier types: voltage and current amplifiers

  • Low-frequency amplifier design using BJT/MOSFET:

    • Biasing circuits

    • Small-signal parameters

    • Gain calculation

    • Input and output impedance

    • Negative feedback

  • Power amplifiers: Class A, Class B, Class AB

  • Oscillator principles and positive feedback

  • Conditions for oscillation

  • Oscillator types: RC, LC, and Crystal

  • Waveform generators (square, triangular, sawtooth)

• 2.4 Operational Amplifier Characterization

  • Differential amplifier overview

  • Ideal and practical Op-amp characteristics

  • Gain derivation for:

    • Inverting amplifier

    • Non-inverting amplifier

    • Voltage follower

  • Applications:

    • Integrator and differentiator circuits

    • Summing amplifier (addition)

    • Clipping circuits

    • Comparator circuits

• 2.5 Nonlinear Circuits and Active Filters

  • Logarithmic and exponential amplifiers

  • Logarithmic multiplier

  • Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) basics

  • Voltage-to-Frequency (V-to-F) and Frequency-to-Voltage (F-to-V) conversion

  • Active filter characteristics and advantages

  • First-order high-pass and low-pass active filters

• 2.6 Logic Families and ICs

  • Logic family evolution and classification

  • Logic family characteristics (speed, power, noise margin)

  • Simple gate circuits:

    • Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)

    • Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)

    • Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)