9. Power Systems and Devices

9. Power Systems and Devices

• 9.1 Power Plant

  • Structure of a modern electrical power system (generation, transmission, distribution)

  • Generation Technologies:

    • Conventional: Thermal, Hydroelectric, Nuclear

    • Renewable: Solar Photovoltaic (PV), Wind, Tidal, Geothermal

    • Emerging: Fuel Cells

  • Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

• 9.2 Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power

  • AC and DC supply systems

  • Transmission system components and voltage levels

  • Economic selection of conductor size and transmission voltage

  • Overhead Line Design:

    • Conductors, supports (towers/poles), and insulators

    • Corona effect and right-of-way (ROW)

  • Distribution Systems:

    • Classification (primary, secondary) and connection schemes (radial, ring)

    • Load curves, load duration curves, load factor, demand factor

  • Interference between power and communication lines

  • Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

• 9.3 Protection and Control of Electrical Power System

  • Protection Principles & Devices:

    • Fuses, Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs), Power Circuit Breakers

    • Relay types (electromechanical, digital)

  • Protection schemes for generators, transformers, and transmission lines

  • System earthing (grounding) and surge protection (lightning arresters)

  • System Control & Automation:

    • Blackout prevention, load shedding

    • SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

    • Energy Management Systems (EMS)

    • Smart Grid concepts

• 9.4 Residential and Industrial Electrification

  • Service mains and building distribution systems

  • Types of electrical wiring systems

  • Layout drawings (wiring diagrams, single-line diagrams)

  • Load estimation and distribution board (DB) planning

  • Characteristics of industrial loads and power supply requirements

  • Electricity tariffs and energy conservation measures

• 9.5 Power Electronics

  • Key power semiconductor devices: Thyristor (SCR), Diac, Triac

  • Applications:

    • Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

    • Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)

    • DC-DC converters (Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost)

    • Inverters (DC to AC conversion)

• 9.6 Power System Analysis

  • Fault analysis (symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults)

  • Load flow (power flow) analysis

  • Power system stability (transient, dynamic, steady-state)