6. Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment
6. Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment
6.1 Water Sources, Water Quality and Water Demand
Sources of Water: Surface and Groundwater, Selection
Impurities in Water: Suspended, Colloidal, Dissolved
Hardness and Alkalinity
Living Organisms in Water
Water-Related Diseases and Prevention Measures
Drinking Water Quality Standards
Water Demand Estimation
6.2 Intake and Distribution Systems
Types of Intakes, Factors Affecting Location Selection
Pipe Materials, Joints, Valves and Fittings: Types and Purposes
Break Pressure Tanks
Service Reservoirs and Capacity Determination
Design of Branch and Looped Water Distribution Systems
6.3 Water Treatment Process and Technologies
Treatment Processes and Purposes: Screening, Plain Sedimentation, Sedimentation with Coagulation, Flocculation, Filtration, Disinfection, Softening
Miscellaneous Treatments: Aeration, Removal of Iron and Manganese, Removal of Color/Odour/Taste
6.4 Design and Construction of Sewers
Estimation of Quantity of Wastewater
Sewerage System and Types
Design Criteria of Sewers
Shapes of Sewers, Sewer Materials
Design of Sewers for Separate and Combined Systems
Construction of Sewers and Sewer Appurtenances
6.5 Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater
Characteristics and Examination of Sewage
Decomposition of Wastewater, BOD and COD
Primary Treatment Processes and Design of Grit Chamber
Secondary or Biological Treatment Process: Sewage Filtration, Activated Sludge Process, Oxidation Ponds
Wastewater Disposal by Dilution: Oxygen Sag Curve, Streeter Phelp’s Equation
Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment
Sludge and Solid Waste Disposal Methods
Latrine and Septic Tank
6.6 Concept of Environmental Assessment
BES, IEE, EIA
Government’s Act, Rules/Regulations/Procedures for BES/IEE/EIA
Types of Disaster and Mitigation
Last updated