6.1 Design Classification
6.1 Design Classification
1. Design Classification
Based on Design Approach:
Original Design: Creating new products/systems from scratch.
Adaptive Design: Modifying existing designs for new applications.
Variant Design: Creating variations of existing products (sizes, capacities).
Based on Innovation Level:
Innovative Design: Involves new principles/concepts.
Evolutionary Design: Incremental improvements to existing designs.
Routine Design: Application of standard procedures/rules.
Based on Nature of Problem:
Selection Design: Choosing components from available options.
Configuration Design: Arranging components to meet requirements.
Parametric Design: Determining optimal parameter values.
Original Design: Creating novel solutions for new problems.
2. Design Requirements and Considerations
Functional Requirements:
Primary performance specifications.
What the product must do.
Quantifiable performance metrics.
Non-Functional Requirements:
Safety: Protection against hazards.
Reliability: Probability of failure-free operation.
Maintainability: Ease of repair and maintenance.
Manufacturability: Ease and cost of production.
Ergonomics: User comfort and interface design.
Aesthetics: Appearance and styling.
Economic Considerations:
Life Cycle Cost: Total cost from conception to disposal.
Production Cost: Manufacturing expenses.
Market Factors: Price point, competition, demand.
Environmental Considerations:
Sustainability: Resource efficiency.
Environmental Impact: Emissions, waste, energy consumption.
End-of-Life: Recyclability, disposability.
Technical Considerations:
Materials Selection: Properties, availability, cost.
Manufacturing Processes: Capabilities and limitations.
Tolerances and Fits: Dimensional accuracy requirements.
Standards Compliance: Adherence to relevant codes.
3. Codes and Standards
Purpose and Importance:
Ensure safety, reliability, and quality.
Facilitate interoperability.
Provide legal and technical guidelines.
Reduce liability risks.
Types of Codes:
Building Codes: Structural safety (e.g., IBC, NBC).
Pressure Vessel Codes: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Electrical Codes: NEC (National Electrical Code).
Fire Codes: NFPA standards.
Safety Codes: OSHA regulations.
Standards Organizations:
National: BSI (UK), DIN (Germany), ANSI (USA).
Regional: CEN (Europe), ARSO (Africa).
International: ISO, IEC, ITU.
Industry-Specific: ASTM, SAE, IEEE.
Mandatory vs Voluntary:
Mandatory: Legally enforced (building codes, safety regulations).
Voluntary: Industry best practices (quality standards).
4. ISO Standards
ISO Overview:
International Organization for Standardization.
Develops voluntary international standards.
Covers all industries except electrical/electronic (IEC).
Key ISO Standards for Design:
ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems.
ISO 14001: Environmental Management Systems.
ISO 45001: Occupational Health and Safety.
ISO 13485: Medical Devices Quality Management.
ISO Standards for Technical Drawing:
ISO 128: Technical drawings - General principles.
ISO 129: Technical drawings - Dimensioning.
ISO 1101: Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS).
ISO 2768: General tolerances.
ISO Standards for Materials and Testing:
ISO 6892: Tensile testing of metallic materials.
ISO 6506: Brinell hardness test.
ISO 6507: Vickers hardness test.
ISO 6508: Rockwell hardness test.
ISO Documentation Standards:
ISO 7200: Technical product documentation.
ISO 5457: Drawing sheet sizes and layout.
ISO 3098: Technical product documentation - Lettering.
ISO Implementation Benefits:
Improved quality and reliability.
Enhanced international market access.
Reduced costs through standardization.
Improved safety and regulatory compliance.
ISO Certification Process:
Documented quality system implementation.
Internal audits and management review.
Certification audit by accredited body.
Surveillance audits for maintenance.
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